Fajita fiesta hot sauce collection
Condiment Packets
2016.02.10 16:47 ericmthompson Condiment Packets
Condiment Packets
2023.03.30 07:07 MemeBoiRoux ihaveihavihave thought provoking question
 | submitted by MemeBoiRoux to ihaveihaveihavereddit [link] [comments] |
2023.03.30 07:07 ClumsyBadger Clothing and Food Customisation
I just mentioned some of this in a comment and it got me thinking of the few things I’d love to see done with food and clothing to make them more diverse
Clothing things:
1: Division of the generic “Tops” category divided into three subcategories (base layers, mid layers, and outerwear) that can be mixed and matched with to create a desired style.
2: The ability to alter the sleeve states (like long, short, vest, and rolled) without having to switch to an entirely different style of top. Eg: if you want a puffer vest but they only added puffer jackets and denim vests to the game.
3: A way of specifying the warmth rating of a clothing item. If the individual warmth ratings of each layered item adds towards a total warmth rating that’s then compared to a temperature rating there could be a tolerance range that determines whether your Elby feels too cold, too hot, or just right.
Food things:
1: A taste and flavour system. So each ingredient has a flavour profile made from a collection of tags: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, spicy, acidic, etc. Each Elby then likes or dislikes the various tags as their taste profile which in turn translates to them liking or disliking a particular ingredient or recipe. A recipes flavour profile is determined by what flavour tags the recipes ingredients have. The strength of a recipes flavour is influenced by the quantity of tags of the same flavour, and certain flavours could cancel each other out (like how with real cooking you can add acidity or salt to cut through the sweetness of a dish).
2: The ability to throw random ingredients together (whatever’s left in the pantry) to create a meal or snack instead of requiring set ingredients for set recipes with no room to adjust based on what ingredients you do have. If each ingredient fell into one of four categories (protein, carb, vege, other) you could pick what ingredients to put together and cook a meal from. Quantity of ingredients could determine how many servings a meal creates. While number of categories pulled from could determine whether how filling a meal is or whether it’s considered a snack, light meal, heavy meal etc.
submitted by ClumsyBadger to LifeByYou [link] [comments]
Clothing things:
1: Division of the generic “Tops” category divided into three subcategories (base layers, mid layers, and outerwear) that can be mixed and matched with to create a desired style.
2: The ability to alter the sleeve states (like long, short, vest, and rolled) without having to switch to an entirely different style of top. Eg: if you want a puffer vest but they only added puffer jackets and denim vests to the game.
3: A way of specifying the warmth rating of a clothing item. If the individual warmth ratings of each layered item adds towards a total warmth rating that’s then compared to a temperature rating there could be a tolerance range that determines whether your Elby feels too cold, too hot, or just right.
Food things:
1: A taste and flavour system. So each ingredient has a flavour profile made from a collection of tags: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, spicy, acidic, etc. Each Elby then likes or dislikes the various tags as their taste profile which in turn translates to them liking or disliking a particular ingredient or recipe. A recipes flavour profile is determined by what flavour tags the recipes ingredients have. The strength of a recipes flavour is influenced by the quantity of tags of the same flavour, and certain flavours could cancel each other out (like how with real cooking you can add acidity or salt to cut through the sweetness of a dish).
2: The ability to throw random ingredients together (whatever’s left in the pantry) to create a meal or snack instead of requiring set ingredients for set recipes with no room to adjust based on what ingredients you do have. If each ingredient fell into one of four categories (protein, carb, vege, other) you could pick what ingredients to put together and cook a meal from. Quantity of ingredients could determine how many servings a meal creates. While number of categories pulled from could determine whether how filling a meal is or whether it’s considered a snack, light meal, heavy meal etc.
2023.03.30 07:01 MajesticOtaking [US] [Selling] Selling manga and figures to raise moving funds! Tons of titles!
Free media mail shipping on orders over $50 and half off shipping for all figures shipping (US shipping only for both). I'm also VERY willing to negotiate on larger orders (especially figures), so please don't hesitate to ask or make an offer!
Prices do not include shipping. I am VERY willing to negotiate on price for the figures. If you're interested, please let me know regardless of my asking price and we can discuss it. Figure prices are based on ebay and not in-depth research, so they aren't firm by any means.
These items were kept in a smoke-free, pet-friendly environment. Please ask if you have specific questions or would like additional pictures. I prefer not to split, but I may be willing on a case-by-case basis.
I'm almost to my financial goal so I can move across the country! I appreciate you helping me get there!
Manga
11th Cat 1-5 (complete) - $25 https://imgur.com/a/Ke6OGIo
Ai Yori Aoshi 1-7 - $35 https://imgur.com/a/N6IoXaq
Alice & Zoroku 1-2 - $13 https://imgur.com/a/VyWAXdQ
Angel Diary 1-2 - $10 https://imgur.com/a/RxWPQrw
Baccano 1 (light novel, hardback) - $10 https://imgur.com/a/TNU4jwA
Bakuman 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/a4aTYpm
Battle Rabbits 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/a4aTYpm
Beauty and the Feast 1 - $7 https://imgur.com/a/a4aTYpm
Black Butler 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/nvyV1Ns
Blue Period 1-4 - $28 https://imgur.com/a/VQnUeML
Bottom-Tier Character Tomozaki 1 (light novel) - $7 https://imgur.com/a/dBySQM0
Bungo Stray Dogs 1-2 - $14 https://imgur.com/a/UKHMA1x
Bus Gamer (standalone) - $5 https://imgur.com/a/AF0N5iJ
Cantarella 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/0X7zrGX
Clockwork Planet 1 (light novel) - $7 https://imgur.com/a/xxDlkm7
Conditions of Paradise, The (standalone) - $7 https://imgur.com/a/vQdMODO
Culdcept 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/bn938Sc
Days of Love at Seagull Villa 1-3 (complete) - $21 https://imgur.com/a/E4gDYNJ
Demonizer Zilch 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/wgGBO0X
Descendants of Darkness 1-3 - $15 https://imgur.com/a/OiS24qq
Di Gi Charat 1-4 (complete) - $20 https://imgur.com/a/2dUC1xD
Dictatorial Grimoire (standalone omnibus) - $13 https://imgur.com/a/OTkWz9R
Dimension W 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/BOznjTX
Dororo: The Omnibus Edition (standalone) - $15 https://imgur.com/a/B3uBOFV
Dragon Knights 1-7 - $35 https://imgur.com/a/fDYhHU5
Dragonar Academy 1-2 - $10 https://imgur.com/a/XcSD3j3
Fairy Tale Battle Royale 1-4 - $24 https://imgur.com/a/y2Zd6gW
Fall in Love Like a Comic 1-2 (complete) - $10 https://imgur.com/a/zTJmZVj
Fiance of the Wizard 1 - $6 https://imgur.com/a/riFTHhg
Four-Eyed Prince 1-3 - $15 https://imgur.com/a/UYNwKmw
Free Collars Kingdom 1-3 (complete) - $15 https://imgur.com/a/bgEeeio
Frieren: Beyond Jounrey's End 1 - $6 https://imgur.com/a/FpxoWzt
Fruits Basket omnibus 1-4, 9-10 - $72 https://imgur.com/a/E4SmjpL
Galaxy Angel 1-3 - $15 https://imgur.com/a/IgfaAP6
Galaxy Angel Beta 1-2 - $10 https://imgur.com/a/dInlUT0
Genkaku Picasso - $15 https://imgur.com/a/oahQK7s
Goblin Slayer Side Story: Year One 1-2 (light novel) - $15 https://imgur.com/a/2g9gRwa
Gravitation: Voice of Temptation (light novel, Gravitation side story) - $5 https://imgur.com/a/GDeeIj9
Gunparade March 1-3 (complete) + Last Dance Gunparade - $20 https://imgur.com/a/YH9OyER
Higurashi When They Cry 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/KMkFlDB
Hot Gimmick 1-4 omnibus editions + Hot Gimmick S (complete) - $45 https://imgur.com/a/fUfA48Y
I O N (standalone) - $5 https://imgur.com/a/VOGxAFw
Is It Wrong to Try to Pick Up Girls in a Dungeon 1-3 (light novel) (volumes 4-5 in pictures have been sold) - $21 https://imgur.com/a/RHekce2
Isolator, The 1 (hardback, light novel) - $10 https://imgur.com/a/ZqcquPQ
Junk 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/wCuY8lz
Kare First Love 1-2 - $10https://imgur.com/a/riFTHhg
Kare Kano 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/qNDEpfx
Kashimashi 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/omQMbbT
Kilala Princess 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/YrYh1A0
KonKon Kokon 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/ed2EpQo
Kujibiki Unbalance 1-2 (complete) - $10 https://imgur.com/a/UC17mXN
Lagoon Engine Einsatz (standalone) - $5 https://imgur.com/a/45Rieuw
Le Chevalier d'Eon 1-2 - $15 https://imgur.com/a/qL5sf8r
Little Witch Academia: The Nonsensical Witch and the Country of the Fairies (light novel) - $5 https://imgur.com/a/GYitYVX
Loner Life in Another World - (light novel) $7 https://imgur.com/a/GDeeIj9
Love Master A 1-2 (complete) - $10 https://imgur.com/a/XeBLF6n
Love Roma 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/IpSsafb
Loveholic 1-2 (complete) - $10 https://imgur.com/a/yrZNTK7
Loveless 1-4 (two 2-in-1 omnnibuses) - $17 https://imgur.com/a/h5Qy7WK
Maga-Tsuki 1-2 - $10 https://imgur.com/a/N4K6183
Magia the Ninth 1-2 (complete) - $10 https://imgur.com/a/nRBybq2
Mamotte Shugogetten 1 - $6 https://imgur.com/a/mdxoGzY
Mayo Chiki 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/gASgqrH
Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya, The 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/YTsrVBX
Milky Way Hitchhiking 1-2 (vol 3 was never released, so complete-ish?) - $35 https://imgur.com/a/0jeHi0h
Monster Girl Doctor 1 (light novel) - $7 https://imgur.com/a/ZqcquPQ
My Androgynous Boyfriend 1 - $7 https://imgur.com/a/vyrkiDf
My Little Monster 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/I5SolSm
My-Hime 1-5 (complete) - $25 https://imgur.com/a/rNjIhoK
Nana 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/I5SolSm
Negima 1-20 + Negiho - $95 https://imgur.com/a/DfXlBW6
Nirvana 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/omQMbbT
Nosatsu Junkie 1-4 - $20 https://imgur.com/a/pBx6FMx
Now Loading (standalone) - $5 https://imgur.com/a/vyrkiDf
Nurse Hitomi's Monster Infirmary 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/ed2EpQo
Occultic;Nine 1 (light novel) - $7 https://imgur.com/a/ZqcquPQ
One Fine Day 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/DBLgaJm
Otome Mania 1-2 (complete) - $10 https://imgur.com/a/AI375f5
Ouran High School Host Club 1-11 - $55 https://imgur.com/a/wlF3JE5
Pandora in the Crimson Shell 1 - $6 https://imgur.com/a/omQMbbT
Penguin Revolution 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/lnpu6q7
PHD: Phantasy Degree - $5 https://imgur.com/a/chcr1Im
Pokemon The Rise of Darkrai - $5 https://imgur.com/a/bgWQiWK
Psychic Academy 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/omQMbbT
Punch 1-3 (complete) - $15https://imgur.com/a/08Rkj15
Re:Zero 1 (manga) - $5 https://imgur.com/a/Il2rTuz
Re:Zero 1-2 (light novel) (volume 2 from pictures has been sold) - $21 https://imgur.com/a/MZHiU5n
RG Veda 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/qL5sf8r
Rising of the Shield Hero, The 1 (manga) - $5 https://imgur.com/a/Il2rTuz
Saint Young Men 1-6 (hardbacks) - $80 https://imgur.com/a/l3d7gOt
Saiyuki Reload 1-9 (complete in US publication, heavy sun-fading and damage) - $25 https://imgur.com/a/mqLOGUs
Sakura Hime 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/OqzMOjn
Samurai Deeper Kyo 1-9 - $45 https://imgur.com/a/jghft6x
Samurai Girl Real Bout High School 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/98JIhAy
Satan's Secretary 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/KDvRsgO
Sayonara Zetsubou-Sensei 1 - $10 https://imgur.com/a/GYitYVX
School Judgement 1-3 (complete) - $15 https://imgur.com/a/GzqWCCf
Secret Sakura Shares, The (standalone) - $10 https://imgur.com/a/pfTfI9f
Secretly I've Been Suffering About Being Sexless (standalone) - $8 https://imgur.com/a/DBLgaJm
Servant X Service 1 - $10 https://imgur.com/a/pfTfI9f
SGT Frog 1-7, 11, 16, 19 - $50 (volumes 20-21 have been sold) https://imgur.com/a/r99bGkp
Shugo Chara 1-4, 7 - $28 https://imgur.com/a/QfUsIfU
Slumbering Beauty 1-2 (complete) - $10 https://imgur.com/a/qox5eZn
Songs To Make You Smile (standalone) - $5 https://imgur.com/a/DBLgaJm
Species Domain 1-7 - $50 https://imgur.com/a/R92fng9
Spirit Circle 1 - $6 https://imgur.com/a/wDCptpP
Stupid Love Comedy (standalone) - $13 https://imgur.com/a/xi1Wyf7
Sugar Sugar Rune 1 - $20 https://imgur.com/a/qL5sf8r
Suzuka 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/xi1Wyf7
Tale of an Unknown Country, A 1-2 - $10 https://imgur.com/a/AI375f5
There's a Demon Lord on the Floor 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/vyrkiDf
Threads of Time 1-11 (complete) - $55 https://imgur.com/a/7G8dWeu
Tokyo Boys &; Girls 1-3 - $15 https://imgur.com/a/l7dFWUd
Ultra Kaiju 1-2 - $10 https://imgur.com/a/GYitYVX
Ultra Maniac 1 - $4 https://imgur.com/a/Ev1F9PM
Unmagical Girl 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/DBLgaJm
Vampire Game 1-15 (complete) - $70 https://imgur.com/a/6Rskl12
Vampire Knight 1-4 - $20 https://imgur.com/a/AvwkuaH
Versailles of the Dead 1-2 - $12 https://imgur.com/a/xrvEAAs
Voices of a Distant Star, The (standalone) - $5 https://imgur.com/a/GDeeIj9
Wallflower, The 1-10, 13, 16, 19 - $52 - (volumes 11,12,and 18 from the pictures have been sold) Part 1 https://imgur.com/a/t7qKOWx Part 2 https://imgur.com/a/TDqwDzR
Wandering Witch: The Journey of Elaina 1-2 - $12 https://imgur.com/a/aL5EgKw
What's Michael? Fatcat Collection 1-2 (complete) - $20 https://imgur.com/a/B3uBOFV
Whispered Words 1-3 (complete) - $30 https://imgur.com/a/nRjh4UG
Witch Buster 1-2 omnibus - $8 https://imgur.com/a/U8y4ItZ
Wild Ones 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/comGEdA
Witch's Printing House, A 1 - $8 https://imgur.com/a/xi1Wyf7
World of Narue 1-2 - $10 https://imgur.com/a/aL5EgKw
Misc. Books
Nendoroid - My First Doll: Clothing Patterns - $20 https://imgur.com/a/yIlVI2d
Start with 12 Colors The First Copic Color illustration Book - $10 (the coloring pages have been removed from the book, but they are included and uncolored; one has a wrinkled corner) https://imgur.com/a/K9YEtKY
Anime
Cowboy Bebop Remix DVD + Cowboy Bebop Movie DVD - $10 https://imgur.com/a/CQeHpI8
Final Fantasy Advent Children Complete BD - $5 https://imgur.com/a/CQeHpI8
Nendoroids
Dramatical Murder Clear 597 - $105 https://imgur.com/a/cvVIo4F
Durara!! x2 Celty 513 - $75 https://imgur.com/a/cvVIo4F
Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask Link 553 - $65 https://imgur.com/a/jCbd7az
Play Arts Kai (Final Fantasy VII Advent Children)
Arms - $70 https://imgur.com/a/2mbvOqp
Barret - $100 https://imgur.com/a/TBGdvJx
Cloud - $150 https://imgur.com/a/7dQ4PTT
Red XIII (glue on side of box has dried, causing it to open; tape is still in place) - $110 https://imgur.com/a/r2zwQKj
Tifa - $250 https://imgur.com/a/hPt8Not
Sephiroth - $130 https://imgur.com/a/q44KxW2
Vincent - $175 https://imgur.com/a/KNnzjc1
Misc Figures
Code Geass Lelouche Lamperouge Code Black 1st Life Encore ver (Kotobukiya) - $120 https://imgur.com/a/z4HVlnx
Code Geass Lelouche Lamperouge/Zero/Kururugi Suzaku 10th Anniversary (Megahouse) - $200 https://imgur.com/a/rhKYnpB
Dragon's Crown Elf Another Color Version (Megahouse) - $130 https://imgur.com/a/O8aInUv
Final Fantasy Master Arms Seifer's Gunblade (Square Enix) - $35 https://imgur.com/a/YGkfxBy
Hyakka Ryouran Tokugawa Sen (Alter) - $75 https://imgur.com/a/3gc2fBB
Hyakka Ryouran Tokugawa Sen Sadistic Succubus Ver. (Alter) - $105 https://imgur.com/a/KXWUCH7
Hyakka Ryouran Yagyu Jubei (Megahouse) - $100 https://imgur.com/a/49ZpBn2
Kingdom Hearts II Sora Static Arts Gallery - $100 https://imgur.com/a/TVG2lF8
Legend of Zelda Twilight Princess Ganandorf (Dark Horse/Together+) - $250 https://imgur.com/a/otRy1NN
Neon Genesis Evangelion Makinami Mari Illustrious (Max Factory) - $175 https://imgur.com/a/4Yhr9YI
Rail Wars Aoi Sakura - $125 https://imgur.com/a/7FtyAUd
Senki Zesshou Symphogear GX Kazanari Tsubasa Ame no Habakiri (Bell Fine) - $150 https://imgur.com/a/kEyTyTU
Senki Zesshou Symphogear GX Yukine Chris - Ichaival Ver. (Bell Fine) - $130 https://imgur.com/a/b9rAzQX
Ultra Kaiju Guts Seijin (Surprise Next) - $170 https://imgur.com/a/GWtNu4B
Plush (missing tags; I might still have them though, so I will include them if I find them)
Kemono Friends Iwatobi Penguin Mega Jumbo Nesoberi - $10 https://imgur.com/a/VC9zgGl
Pokemon Eevee (Banpresto) - $10 https://imgur.com/a/bRFsR6s
submitted by MajesticOtaking to mangaswap [link] [comments]
Prices do not include shipping. I am VERY willing to negotiate on price for the figures. If you're interested, please let me know regardless of my asking price and we can discuss it. Figure prices are based on ebay and not in-depth research, so they aren't firm by any means.
These items were kept in a smoke-free, pet-friendly environment. Please ask if you have specific questions or would like additional pictures. I prefer not to split, but I may be willing on a case-by-case basis.
I'm almost to my financial goal so I can move across the country! I appreciate you helping me get there!
Manga
11th Cat 1-5 (complete) - $25 https://imgur.com/a/Ke6OGIo
Ai Yori Aoshi 1-7 - $35 https://imgur.com/a/N6IoXaq
Alice & Zoroku 1-2 - $13 https://imgur.com/a/VyWAXdQ
Angel Diary 1-2 - $10 https://imgur.com/a/RxWPQrw
Baccano 1 (light novel, hardback) - $10 https://imgur.com/a/TNU4jwA
Bakuman 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/a4aTYpm
Battle Rabbits 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/a4aTYpm
Beauty and the Feast 1 - $7 https://imgur.com/a/a4aTYpm
Black Butler 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/nvyV1Ns
Blue Period 1-4 - $28 https://imgur.com/a/VQnUeML
Bottom-Tier Character Tomozaki 1 (light novel) - $7 https://imgur.com/a/dBySQM0
Bungo Stray Dogs 1-2 - $14 https://imgur.com/a/UKHMA1x
Bus Gamer (standalone) - $5 https://imgur.com/a/AF0N5iJ
Cantarella 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/0X7zrGX
Clockwork Planet 1 (light novel) - $7 https://imgur.com/a/xxDlkm7
Conditions of Paradise, The (standalone) - $7 https://imgur.com/a/vQdMODO
Culdcept 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/bn938Sc
Days of Love at Seagull Villa 1-3 (complete) - $21 https://imgur.com/a/E4gDYNJ
Demonizer Zilch 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/wgGBO0X
Descendants of Darkness 1-3 - $15 https://imgur.com/a/OiS24qq
Di Gi Charat 1-4 (complete) - $20 https://imgur.com/a/2dUC1xD
Dictatorial Grimoire (standalone omnibus) - $13 https://imgur.com/a/OTkWz9R
Dimension W 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/BOznjTX
Dororo: The Omnibus Edition (standalone) - $15 https://imgur.com/a/B3uBOFV
Dragon Knights 1-7 - $35 https://imgur.com/a/fDYhHU5
Dragonar Academy 1-2 - $10 https://imgur.com/a/XcSD3j3
Fairy Tale Battle Royale 1-4 - $24 https://imgur.com/a/y2Zd6gW
Fall in Love Like a Comic 1-2 (complete) - $10 https://imgur.com/a/zTJmZVj
Fiance of the Wizard 1 - $6 https://imgur.com/a/riFTHhg
Four-Eyed Prince 1-3 - $15 https://imgur.com/a/UYNwKmw
Free Collars Kingdom 1-3 (complete) - $15 https://imgur.com/a/bgEeeio
Frieren: Beyond Jounrey's End 1 - $6 https://imgur.com/a/FpxoWzt
Fruits Basket omnibus 1-4, 9-10 - $72 https://imgur.com/a/E4SmjpL
Galaxy Angel 1-3 - $15 https://imgur.com/a/IgfaAP6
Galaxy Angel Beta 1-2 - $10 https://imgur.com/a/dInlUT0
Genkaku Picasso - $15 https://imgur.com/a/oahQK7s
Goblin Slayer Side Story: Year One 1-2 (light novel) - $15 https://imgur.com/a/2g9gRwa
Gravitation: Voice of Temptation (light novel, Gravitation side story) - $5 https://imgur.com/a/GDeeIj9
Gunparade March 1-3 (complete) + Last Dance Gunparade - $20 https://imgur.com/a/YH9OyER
Higurashi When They Cry 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/KMkFlDB
Hot Gimmick 1-4 omnibus editions + Hot Gimmick S (complete) - $45 https://imgur.com/a/fUfA48Y
I O N (standalone) - $5 https://imgur.com/a/VOGxAFw
Is It Wrong to Try to Pick Up Girls in a Dungeon 1-3 (light novel) (volumes 4-5 in pictures have been sold) - $21 https://imgur.com/a/RHekce2
Isolator, The 1 (hardback, light novel) - $10 https://imgur.com/a/ZqcquPQ
Junk 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/wCuY8lz
Kare First Love 1-2 - $10https://imgur.com/a/riFTHhg
Kare Kano 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/qNDEpfx
Kashimashi 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/omQMbbT
Kilala Princess 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/YrYh1A0
KonKon Kokon 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/ed2EpQo
Kujibiki Unbalance 1-2 (complete) - $10 https://imgur.com/a/UC17mXN
Lagoon Engine Einsatz (standalone) - $5 https://imgur.com/a/45Rieuw
Le Chevalier d'Eon 1-2 - $15 https://imgur.com/a/qL5sf8r
Little Witch Academia: The Nonsensical Witch and the Country of the Fairies (light novel) - $5 https://imgur.com/a/GYitYVX
Loner Life in Another World - (light novel) $7 https://imgur.com/a/GDeeIj9
Love Master A 1-2 (complete) - $10 https://imgur.com/a/XeBLF6n
Love Roma 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/IpSsafb
Loveholic 1-2 (complete) - $10 https://imgur.com/a/yrZNTK7
Loveless 1-4 (two 2-in-1 omnnibuses) - $17 https://imgur.com/a/h5Qy7WK
Maga-Tsuki 1-2 - $10 https://imgur.com/a/N4K6183
Magia the Ninth 1-2 (complete) - $10 https://imgur.com/a/nRBybq2
Mamotte Shugogetten 1 - $6 https://imgur.com/a/mdxoGzY
Mayo Chiki 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/gASgqrH
Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya, The 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/YTsrVBX
Milky Way Hitchhiking 1-2 (vol 3 was never released, so complete-ish?) - $35 https://imgur.com/a/0jeHi0h
Monster Girl Doctor 1 (light novel) - $7 https://imgur.com/a/ZqcquPQ
My Androgynous Boyfriend 1 - $7 https://imgur.com/a/vyrkiDf
My Little Monster 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/I5SolSm
My-Hime 1-5 (complete) - $25 https://imgur.com/a/rNjIhoK
Nana 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/I5SolSm
Negima 1-20 + Negiho - $95 https://imgur.com/a/DfXlBW6
Nirvana 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/omQMbbT
Nosatsu Junkie 1-4 - $20 https://imgur.com/a/pBx6FMx
Now Loading (standalone) - $5 https://imgur.com/a/vyrkiDf
Nurse Hitomi's Monster Infirmary 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/ed2EpQo
Occultic;Nine 1 (light novel) - $7 https://imgur.com/a/ZqcquPQ
One Fine Day 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/DBLgaJm
Otome Mania 1-2 (complete) - $10 https://imgur.com/a/AI375f5
Ouran High School Host Club 1-11 - $55 https://imgur.com/a/wlF3JE5
Pandora in the Crimson Shell 1 - $6 https://imgur.com/a/omQMbbT
Penguin Revolution 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/lnpu6q7
PHD: Phantasy Degree - $5 https://imgur.com/a/chcr1Im
Pokemon The Rise of Darkrai - $5 https://imgur.com/a/bgWQiWK
Psychic Academy 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/omQMbbT
Punch 1-3 (complete) - $15https://imgur.com/a/08Rkj15
Re:Zero 1 (manga) - $5 https://imgur.com/a/Il2rTuz
Re:Zero 1-2 (light novel) (volume 2 from pictures has been sold) - $21 https://imgur.com/a/MZHiU5n
RG Veda 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/qL5sf8r
Rising of the Shield Hero, The 1 (manga) - $5 https://imgur.com/a/Il2rTuz
Saint Young Men 1-6 (hardbacks) - $80 https://imgur.com/a/l3d7gOt
Saiyuki Reload 1-9 (complete in US publication, heavy sun-fading and damage) - $25 https://imgur.com/a/mqLOGUs
Sakura Hime 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/OqzMOjn
Samurai Deeper Kyo 1-9 - $45 https://imgur.com/a/jghft6x
Samurai Girl Real Bout High School 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/98JIhAy
Satan's Secretary 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/KDvRsgO
Sayonara Zetsubou-Sensei 1 - $10 https://imgur.com/a/GYitYVX
School Judgement 1-3 (complete) - $15 https://imgur.com/a/GzqWCCf
Secret Sakura Shares, The (standalone) - $10 https://imgur.com/a/pfTfI9f
Secretly I've Been Suffering About Being Sexless (standalone) - $8 https://imgur.com/a/DBLgaJm
Servant X Service 1 - $10 https://imgur.com/a/pfTfI9f
SGT Frog 1-7, 11, 16, 19 - $50 (volumes 20-21 have been sold) https://imgur.com/a/r99bGkp
Shugo Chara 1-4, 7 - $28 https://imgur.com/a/QfUsIfU
Slumbering Beauty 1-2 (complete) - $10 https://imgur.com/a/qox5eZn
Songs To Make You Smile (standalone) - $5 https://imgur.com/a/DBLgaJm
Species Domain 1-7 - $50 https://imgur.com/a/R92fng9
Spirit Circle 1 - $6 https://imgur.com/a/wDCptpP
Stupid Love Comedy (standalone) - $13 https://imgur.com/a/xi1Wyf7
Sugar Sugar Rune 1 - $20 https://imgur.com/a/qL5sf8r
Suzuka 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/xi1Wyf7
Tale of an Unknown Country, A 1-2 - $10 https://imgur.com/a/AI375f5
There's a Demon Lord on the Floor 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/vyrkiDf
Threads of Time 1-11 (complete) - $55 https://imgur.com/a/7G8dWeu
Tokyo Boys &; Girls 1-3 - $15 https://imgur.com/a/l7dFWUd
Ultra Kaiju 1-2 - $10 https://imgur.com/a/GYitYVX
Ultra Maniac 1 - $4 https://imgur.com/a/Ev1F9PM
Unmagical Girl 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/DBLgaJm
Vampire Game 1-15 (complete) - $70 https://imgur.com/a/6Rskl12
Vampire Knight 1-4 - $20 https://imgur.com/a/AvwkuaH
Versailles of the Dead 1-2 - $12 https://imgur.com/a/xrvEAAs
Voices of a Distant Star, The (standalone) - $5 https://imgur.com/a/GDeeIj9
Wallflower, The 1-10, 13, 16, 19 - $52 - (volumes 11,12,and 18 from the pictures have been sold) Part 1 https://imgur.com/a/t7qKOWx Part 2 https://imgur.com/a/TDqwDzR
Wandering Witch: The Journey of Elaina 1-2 - $12 https://imgur.com/a/aL5EgKw
What's Michael? Fatcat Collection 1-2 (complete) - $20 https://imgur.com/a/B3uBOFV
Whispered Words 1-3 (complete) - $30 https://imgur.com/a/nRjh4UG
Witch Buster 1-2 omnibus - $8 https://imgur.com/a/U8y4ItZ
Wild Ones 1 - $5 https://imgur.com/a/comGEdA
Witch's Printing House, A 1 - $8 https://imgur.com/a/xi1Wyf7
World of Narue 1-2 - $10 https://imgur.com/a/aL5EgKw
Misc. Books
Nendoroid - My First Doll: Clothing Patterns - $20 https://imgur.com/a/yIlVI2d
Start with 12 Colors The First Copic Color illustration Book - $10 (the coloring pages have been removed from the book, but they are included and uncolored; one has a wrinkled corner) https://imgur.com/a/K9YEtKY
Anime
Cowboy Bebop Remix DVD + Cowboy Bebop Movie DVD - $10 https://imgur.com/a/CQeHpI8
Final Fantasy Advent Children Complete BD - $5 https://imgur.com/a/CQeHpI8
Nendoroids
Dramatical Murder Clear 597 - $105 https://imgur.com/a/cvVIo4F
Durara!! x2 Celty 513 - $75 https://imgur.com/a/cvVIo4F
Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask Link 553 - $65 https://imgur.com/a/jCbd7az
Play Arts Kai (Final Fantasy VII Advent Children)
Arms - $70 https://imgur.com/a/2mbvOqp
Barret - $100 https://imgur.com/a/TBGdvJx
Cloud - $150 https://imgur.com/a/7dQ4PTT
Red XIII (glue on side of box has dried, causing it to open; tape is still in place) - $110 https://imgur.com/a/r2zwQKj
Tifa - $250 https://imgur.com/a/hPt8Not
Sephiroth - $130 https://imgur.com/a/q44KxW2
Vincent - $175 https://imgur.com/a/KNnzjc1
Misc Figures
Code Geass Lelouche Lamperouge Code Black 1st Life Encore ver (Kotobukiya) - $120 https://imgur.com/a/z4HVlnx
Code Geass Lelouche Lamperouge/Zero/Kururugi Suzaku 10th Anniversary (Megahouse) - $200 https://imgur.com/a/rhKYnpB
Dragon's Crown Elf Another Color Version (Megahouse) - $130 https://imgur.com/a/O8aInUv
Final Fantasy Master Arms Seifer's Gunblade (Square Enix) - $35 https://imgur.com/a/YGkfxBy
Hyakka Ryouran Tokugawa Sen (Alter) - $75 https://imgur.com/a/3gc2fBB
Hyakka Ryouran Tokugawa Sen Sadistic Succubus Ver. (Alter) - $105 https://imgur.com/a/KXWUCH7
Hyakka Ryouran Yagyu Jubei (Megahouse) - $100 https://imgur.com/a/49ZpBn2
Kingdom Hearts II Sora Static Arts Gallery - $100 https://imgur.com/a/TVG2lF8
Legend of Zelda Twilight Princess Ganandorf (Dark Horse/Together+) - $250 https://imgur.com/a/otRy1NN
Neon Genesis Evangelion Makinami Mari Illustrious (Max Factory) - $175 https://imgur.com/a/4Yhr9YI
Rail Wars Aoi Sakura - $125 https://imgur.com/a/7FtyAUd
Senki Zesshou Symphogear GX Kazanari Tsubasa Ame no Habakiri (Bell Fine) - $150 https://imgur.com/a/kEyTyTU
Senki Zesshou Symphogear GX Yukine Chris - Ichaival Ver. (Bell Fine) - $130 https://imgur.com/a/b9rAzQX
Ultra Kaiju Guts Seijin (Surprise Next) - $170 https://imgur.com/a/GWtNu4B
Plush (missing tags; I might still have them though, so I will include them if I find them)
Kemono Friends Iwatobi Penguin Mega Jumbo Nesoberi - $10 https://imgur.com/a/VC9zgGl
Pokemon Eevee (Banpresto) - $10 https://imgur.com/a/bRFsR6s
2023.03.30 06:56 1maryn1 Thicker brine in ferments with fruit?
I’m 2 weeks in to mango habanero ferment and the brine is more viscous than my other hot sauces without fruit have been. Is this normal? Could this be from the sugar in the fruit?
submitted by 1maryn1 to FermentedHotSauce [link] [comments]
2023.03.30 06:55 Adam-best Useful Portable Handheld Steam Iron
UPGRATED VERSION – Dual steamer and Iron. Produces a powerful and consistent steam. 2 in 1 for Flat hot and Hanging hot. Safer structure design to minimize leaking water. More sufficiently, and bursts strong hot steam swiftly, without water sputtering.
https://zafyn.com/collections/new-products/products/useful-portable-handheld-steam-iron
https://reddit.com/link/126c4zh/video/nu3x7wivnl261/player
QUICK & POWERFUL – Ceramic soleplate, heating up just 50s, prevents clothes from damaged. Powerful and stable steam to remove heavy wrinkle, odors and degerming.The steam is continuous and powerful, which can penetrate the clothes deeply and quickly.
SUITABLE FOR MOST FABRICS – One handheld fabric steamer to make shirts, suits, down clothes, night dress, wedding dress, pants crease free.
MULTIFUNCTION – Strong steam can be used in many ways-Cleaning dust. Pillow high temperature clean, sofa clean etc.
BEST EXPERIENCE – We also provide 100 ML Measuring Cup. Perfect for travel and home use.
Secondly, adjust the temperature dial to the max, then the working light turned red. After the working light turned off, you can adjust the temperature to what you want, there has three settings, so them you can press the steamer button, and begin working.
Finally, just add water and turn on, waiting for 50 sec, you can start ironing your clothes.
submitted by Adam-best to McrOne [link] [comments]
https://zafyn.com/collections/new-products/products/useful-portable-handheld-steam-iron
https://reddit.com/link/126c4zh/video/nu3x7wivnl261/player
QUICK & POWERFUL – Ceramic soleplate, heating up just 50s, prevents clothes from damaged. Powerful and stable steam to remove heavy wrinkle, odors and degerming.The steam is continuous and powerful, which can penetrate the clothes deeply and quickly.
SUITABLE FOR MOST FABRICS – One handheld fabric steamer to make shirts, suits, down clothes, night dress, wedding dress, pants crease free.
MULTIFUNCTION – Strong steam can be used in many ways-Cleaning dust. Pillow high temperature clean, sofa clean etc.
BEST EXPERIENCE – We also provide 100 ML Measuring Cup. Perfect for travel and home use.
HOW TO USE IT?
Directly hanging your clothes on the hanger, putting them flat on ironing board or even on the table. (you need to add the water in the tank(100ML) not more than the max line or it will leak or spoil when you ironing).Secondly, adjust the temperature dial to the max, then the working light turned red. After the working light turned off, you can adjust the temperature to what you want, there has three settings, so them you can press the steamer button, and begin working.
Finally, just add water and turn on, waiting for 50 sec, you can start ironing your clothes.
SPECIFICATIONS:
- Weight: 1100g.
- Power: 1000W.
- Color: Purple / Blue.
- Size: 35 x 8 x 10 cm /(13.78*3.15*3.93 inches).
PACKAGE INCLUDE:
- 1 x Base.
- 1 x Metrology Cup.
- 1 x Plush Brush Combination.
- 1 x Portable Handheld Steam Iron.
2023.03.30 06:52 Huggies509 My insides are falling apart. Any help appreciated.
So I've had generalized ibs according to my doctor for many years, I have never been diagnosed with a subtype. I've mostly just ignored it and dealt with the consequences of my poor food choices and drinking habits. Last Sunday I had a breakfast burrito with some xxxtra hot El Yucateco hot sauce and my week has been ruined. I have had absolutely pure liquid diarrhea and have gone to the bathroom 10s of times a day. Every time I eat my food goes completely through me within a few hours, I have no fever or vomiting, and I have been pounding liquid to try and retain hydration. Monday my bathroom breaks were terrible and were burning, now there is no pain, I just can't hold in food. Tomorrow I do have a doctor's appointment for an unrelated reason, but now I feel like the topic of the appointment is going to shift drastically to my guts. Has anyone had a similar experience?
submitted by Huggies509 to IBSHelp [link] [comments]
2023.03.30 06:50 OudSmoothie Gosen Inferno Smart (2022) review
 | Heya, back here with another review of a weird & wonderful racket! This time we have the Gosen Inferno Smart. Let's have a look. submitted by OudSmoothie to badminton [link] [comments] YMMV I have here a 4u 2022 version of the Gosen Inferno Smart. It has been strung with Yonex Aerosonic string at 25 lbs. I have additionally placed a thin overgrip on top of the polyethylene grip protector. I am swinging this racket with a body that's 185 cm and 94 kg. Background Gosen is a Japanese racket sport equipment company that has been around since 1951. It is quite conservative with distribution and releases new products at a glacial pace, and thus it isn't well known or commonly encountered outside of East Asia. However, within its home region, its rackets are well respected and very popular. The original release of the Inferno sold out in Japan and Taiwan instantly. Not to mention the rare MiJ Ryoga line racket releases - these are considered collectible by enthusiasts, such is the quality of manufacture. Gosen is known for the quality of its shafts and its well considered details. The Inferno range is MiT (I think by Fleet OEM?) and launched with the original Inferno back in 2016. It was one of the most daring releases for Gosen - a new (and weird) looking spiral frame! A series of modifications on this base model were released subsequently, including Plus, Lite, Touch, EX, etc. In 2022, series has a soft relaunch with the Smart (direct upgrade of the original Inferno), Raid (direct upgrade of the EX variant) and Air being released. Let's check out the Smart today! Handling The Inferno Smart feels great in the hand, with its medium flex 7.0 mm shaft and rigid head giving it a whippy feel in motion - hits are stable but somewhat bouncy & soft, in a good way. The snap-back of the shaft is incredibly quick, and there's no lag on big hits even if the shaft doesn't have the usual rigidity of most pro-tier rackets. Overall, the Smart plays comfortably and gives you plenty of feedback, whilst being relatively forgiving for an intermediate player. It is ever so slightly head heavy. It's a great racket for whipping, rather than solid bat smashing (think Astrox). Keep in mind tho, the handle is rather stiff - with polyethylene coating on wood - and very thin at G5. Most people will need a thicker overgrip on this. Control The Smart produces good accuracy and consistency across all types of shots, though it doesn't have the pin point precision on big hits of similar quality rackets with a stiffer shaft (Thruster F variants, for example) that very advanced players may be seeking. Net play and drop shots/lobs are very easy with the Smart. It also plays well defensively and can handle smashes & pressure very well. One interesting thing with the Smart is that my steeper shots are more reliable. Speed The Inferno frame is not only strong, but also very quick. It's not an absolute speedster, but is noticeably quicker than power rackets and many all-rounders, to the point where you'd need to make timing adjustments if you're coming from an Astrox, for example. It's fast enough to be formidable at the net in doubles play, though it may still be one step behind absolute speedsters like the Jetspeed 12 ii I reviewed previously. Power The Smart offers decent power ceiling and great power generation, but it is by no means a boom stick. You'd need to get the Raid version of this release, with its stiffer head & shaft, to have an offensive oriented racket. What the Smart excels at is the ease of generating a harder hit and the slightly steeper angles on a smash you can achieve. It offers an easier and more forgiving power transfer, with a flexible but snappy shaft and a stiff & steady head - the birdie can be whipped, rather than batted. Technology The Inferno line of rackets, at its core, is built around the Inferno head shape, which is the most dramatic yet still functional frame shape I've seen. Gosen claims the shaping gives the head increased strength by 13% and increased impact stability and torsion strength at 6 to 7%. Indeed, it's while being 4u at the lightest (the Smart coming in at 82 grams), most Inferno rackets have Gosen endorsement to be strung up to 32 lbs. The Smart is constructed from Mitsubishi'a Pyrofil and M30 carbon. All-hot-melt process was employed to ensure better structural uniformity throughout the frame, which ideally should (and certainly does) lead to better shock absorbance and feedback quality. The Smart includes a new feature not present in the original, which is a polyethylene grip cover over the wood handle instead of a traditional factory grip tape. Which means you can continuously reapply overgrips (or even replacement grips) without worrying about what's underneath. The Smart also has an improved matt paint compared with the glossy original, making it a much sexier racket IMO. It has has refined weight distribution and utilises a new resin, making it stronger than the original Inferno but one gram lighter overall. Quality of Manufacture The Inferno Smart has a level of craftsmanship that rivals the top tier products from the Big 3 brands - it looks sleek, flawless and very premium. Which is not surprising, given Gosen has excellent R&D, and actually take the time needed to refine a product, rather than push out a new model every 3 months. Aesthetics The matte black coating is sexy! This is my favourite looking racket of all time - almost Giger-esque... well, as much as a badminton racket can be. Keep in mind though, because the spiral shaped frame does have sharp edges, any impact during doubles play might be hazardous! Value With a RRP of 26000 JPY, the Gosen Inferno Smart is certainly a luxury racket and not a value-oriented product. I picked it up on discount at 75 GBP, and at that pricing the Smart was a steal! Who is it for? The Smart is for players of all proficiencies who have an all-around style of play. It excels as a general doubles racket. The Smart is very suited to recreational players - it offers a fun and well rounded experience. Who is it not for? Players who are looking for absolute power or prefer a stiff shaft will not gel with the Smart. The shaft will likely prove too flexible for very advanced players. Pros: Very high quality racket Truely for all levels Well balanced all-rounder Snappy but stable Faster and more powerful than you'd assume Relatively forgiving and very fun Looks otherworldly awesome Stringing up to 32 lbs Cons: Limited distribution/hard to buy Very thin and hard handle at G6 May be too flexible for very advanced players |
2023.03.30 06:37 Choice-Bake7922 Add uranium to minecraft
Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92. It is a silvery-grey metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons. Uranium radioactively decays by emitting an alpha particle. The half-life of this decay varies between 159,200 and 4.5 billion years for different isotopes, making them useful for dating the age of the Earth. The most common isotopes in natural uranium are uranium-238 (which has 146 neutrons and accounts for over 99% of uranium on Earth) and uranium-235 (which has 143 neutrons). Uranium has the highest atomic weight of the primordially occurring elements. Its density is about 70% higher than that of lead, and slightly lower than that of gold or tungsten. It occurs naturally in low concentrations of a few parts per million in soil, rock and water, and is commercially extracted from uranium-bearing minerals such as uraninite.[6] Many contemporary uses of uranium exploit its unique nuclear properties. Uranium-235 is the only naturally occurring fissile isotope, which makes it widely used in nuclear power plants and nuclear weapons. However, because of the tiny concentrations found in nature, uranium needs to undergo enrichment so that enough uranium-235 is present. Uranium-238 is fissionable by fast neutrons, and is fertile, meaning it can be transmuted to fissile plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor. Another fissile isotope, uranium-233, can be produced from natural thorium and is studied for future industrial use in nuclear technology. Uranium-238 has a small probability for spontaneous fission or even induced fission with fast neutrons; uranium-235, and to a lesser degree uranium-233, have a much higher fission cross-section for slow neutrons. In sufficient concentration, these isotopes maintain a sustained nuclear chain reaction. This generates the heat in nuclear power reactors, and produces the fissile material for nuclear weapons. Depleted uranium (238U) is used in kinetic energy penetrators and armor plating.[7][8]
The 1789 discovery of uranium in the mineral pitchblende is credited to Martin Heinrich Klaproth, who named the new element after the recently discovered planet Uranus. Eugène-Melchior Péligot was the first person to isolate the metal and its radioactive properties were discovered in 1896 by Henri Becquerel. Research by Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, Enrico Fermi and others, such as J. Robert Oppenheimer starting in 1934 led to its use as a fuel in the nuclear power industry and in Little Boy, the first nuclear weapon used in war. An ensuing arms race during the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union produced tens of thousands of nuclear weapons that used uranium metal and uranium-derived plutonium-239. Dismantling of these weapons and related nuclear facilities is carried out within various nuclear disarmament programs and costs billions of dollars. Weapon-grade uranium obtained from nuclear weapons is diluted with uranium-238 and reused as fuel for nuclear reactors. The development and deployment of these nuclear reactors continue on a global base as they are powerful sources of CO2-free energy. Spent nuclear fuel forms radioactive waste, which mostly consists of uranium-238 and poses significant health threat and environmental impact. Uranium is a silvery white, weakly radioactive metal. It has a Mohs hardness of 6, sufficient to scratch glass and approximately equal to that of titanium, rhodium, manganese and niobium. It is malleable, ductile, slightly paramagnetic, strongly electropositive and a poor electrical conductor.[9][10] Uranium metal has a very high density of 19.1 g/cm3,[11] denser than lead (11.3 g/cm3),[12] but slightly less dense than tungsten and gold (19.3 g/cm3).[13][14]
Uranium metal reacts with almost all non-metal elements (with the exception of the noble gases) and their compounds, with reactivity increasing with temperature.[15] Hydrochloric and nitric acids dissolve uranium, but non-oxidizing acids other than hydrochloric acid attack the element very slowly.[9] When finely divided, it can react with cold water; in air, uranium metal becomes coated with a dark layer of uranium oxide.[10] Uranium in ores is extracted chemically and converted into uranium dioxide or other chemical forms usable in industry.
Uranium-235 was the first isotope that was found to be fissile. Other naturally occurring isotopes are fissionable, but not fissile. On bombardment with slow neutrons, its uranium-235 isotope will most of the time divide into two smaller nuclei, releasing nuclear binding energy and more neutrons. If too many of these neutrons are absorbed by other uranium-235 nuclei, a nuclear chain reaction occurs that results in a burst of heat or (in special circumstances) an explosion. In a nuclear reactor, such a chain reaction is slowed and controlled by a neutron poison, absorbing some of the free neutrons. Such neutron absorbent materials are often part of reactor control rods (see nuclear reactor physics for a description of this process of reactor control).
As little as 15 lb (6.8 kg) of uranium-235 can be used to make an atomic bomb.[16] The nuclear weapon detonated over Hiroshima, called Little Boy, relied on uranium fission. However, the first nuclear bomb (the Gadget used at Trinity) and the bomb that was detonated over Nagasaki (Fat Man) were both plutonium bombs.
Uranium metal has three allotropic forms:[17]
α (orthorhombic) stable up to 668 °C (1,234 °F). Orthorhombic, space group No. 63, Cmcm, lattice parameters a = 285.4 pm, b = 587 pm, c = 495.5 pm.[18] β (tetragonal) stable from 668 to 775 °C (1,234 to 1,427 °F). Tetragonal, space group P42/mnm, P42nm, or P4n2, lattice parameters a = 565.6 pm, b = c = 1075.9 pm.[18] γ (body-centered cubic) from 775 °C (1,427 °F) to melting point—this is the most malleable and ductile state. Body-centered cubic, lattice parameter a = 352.4 pm.[18]
The major application of uranium in the military sector is in high-density penetrators. This ammunition consists of depleted uranium (DU) alloyed with 1–2% other elements, such as titanium or molybdenum.[19] At high impact speed, the density, hardness, and pyrophoricity of the projectile enable the destruction of heavily armored targets. Tank armor and other removable vehicle armor can also be hardened with depleted uranium plates. The use of depleted uranium became politically and environmentally contentious after the use of such munitions by the US, UK and other countries during wars in the Persian Gulf and the Balkans raised questions concerning uranium compounds left in the soil[8][20][21][22] (see Gulf War syndrome).[16]
Depleted uranium is also used as a shielding material in some containers used to store and transport radioactive materials. While the metal itself is radioactive, its high density makes it more effective than lead in halting radiation from strong sources such as radium.[9] Other uses of depleted uranium include counterweights for aircraft control surfaces, as ballast for missile re-entry vehicles and as a shielding material.[10] Due to its high density, this material is found in inertial guidance systems and in gyroscopic compasses.[10] Depleted uranium is preferred over similarly dense metals due to its ability to be easily machined and cast as well as its relatively low cost.[23] The main risk of exposure to depleted uranium is chemical poisoning by uranium oxide rather than radioactivity (uranium being only a weak alpha emitter).
During the later stages of World War II, the entire Cold War, and to a lesser extent afterwards, uranium-235 has been used as the fissile explosive material to produce nuclear weapons. Initially, two major types of fission bombs were built: a relatively simple device that uses uranium-235 and a more complicated mechanism that uses plutonium-239 derived from uranium-238. Later, a much more complicated and far more powerful type of fission/fusion bomb (thermonuclear weapon) was built, that uses a plutonium-based device to cause a mixture of tritium and deuterium to undergo nuclear fusion. Such bombs are jacketed in a non-fissile (unenriched) uranium case, and they derive more than half their power from the fission of this material by fast neutrons from the nuclear fusion process.[24]
The main use of uranium in the civilian sector is to fuel nuclear power plants. One kilogram of uranium-235 can theoretically produce about 20 terajoules of energy (2×1013 joules), assuming complete fission; as much energy as 1.5 million kilograms (1,500 tonnes) of coal.[7]
Commercial nuclear power plants use fuel that is typically enriched to around 3% uranium-235.[7] The CANDU and Magnox designs are the only commercial reactors capable of using unenriched uranium fuel. Fuel used for United States Navy reactors is typically highly enriched in uranium-235 (the exact values are classified). In a breeder reactor, uranium-238 can also be converted into plutonium through the following reaction:[10]
Before (and, occasionally, after) the discovery of radioactivity, uranium was primarily used in small amounts for yellow glass and pottery glazes, such as uranium glass and in Fiestaware.[25]
The discovery and isolation of radium in uranium ore (pitchblende) by Marie Curie sparked the development of uranium mining to extract the radium, which was used to make glow-in-the-dark paints for clock and aircraft dials.[26][27] This left a prodigious quantity of uranium as a waste product, since it takes three tonnes of uranium to extract one gram of radium. This waste product was diverted to the glazing industry, making uranium glazes very inexpensive and abundant. Besides the pottery glazes, uranium tile glazes accounted for the bulk of the use, including common bathroom and kitchen tiles which can be produced in green, yellow, mauve, black, blue, red and other colors.
Uranium was also used in photographic chemicals (especially uranium nitrate as a toner),[10] in lamp filaments for stage lighting bulbs,[28] to improve the appearance of dentures,[29] and in the leather and wood industries for stains and dyes. Uranium salts are mordants of silk or wool. Uranyl acetate and uranyl formate are used as electron-dense "stains" in transmission electron microscopy, to increase the contrast of biological specimens in ultrathin sections and in negative staining of viruses, isolated cell organelles and macromolecules.
The discovery of the radioactivity of uranium ushered in additional scientific and practical uses of the element. The long half-life of the isotope uranium-238 (4.47×109 years) makes it well-suited for use in estimating the age of the earliest igneous rocks and for other types of radiometric dating, including uranium–thorium dating, uranium–lead dating and uranium–uranium dating. Uranium metal is used for X-ray targets in the making of high-energy X-rays.[10]
The use of uranium in its natural oxide form dates back to at least the year 79 CE, when it was used in the Roman Empire to add a yellow color to ceramic glazes.[10] Yellow glass with 1% uranium oxide was found in a Roman villa on Cape Posillipo in the Bay of Naples, Italy, by R. T. Gunther of the University of Oxford in 1912.[30] Starting in the late Middle Ages, pitchblende was extracted from the Habsburg silver mines in Joachimsthal, Bohemia (now Jáchymov in the Czech Republic), and was used as a coloring agent in the local glassmaking industry.[31] In the early 19th century, the world's only known sources of uranium ore were these mines. Mining for uranium in the Ore Mountains ceased on the German side after the Cold War ended and SDAG Wismut was wound down. On the Czech side there were attempts during the uranium price bubble of 2007 to restart mining, but those were quickly abandoned following a fall in uranium prices.[32][33]
The discovery of the element is credited to the German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth. While he was working in his experimental laboratory in Berlin in 1789, Klaproth was able to precipitate a yellow compound (likely sodium diuranate) by dissolving pitchblende in nitric acid and neutralizing the solution with sodium hydroxide.[31] Klaproth assumed the yellow substance was the oxide of a yet-undiscovered element and heated it with charcoal to obtain a black powder, which he thought was the newly discovered metal itself (in fact, that powder was an oxide of uranium).[31][34] He named the newly discovered element after the planet Uranus (named after the primordial Greek god of the sky), which had been discovered eight years earlier by William Herschel.[35]
In 1841, Eugène-Melchior Péligot, Professor of Analytical Chemistry at the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (Central School of Arts and Manufactures) in Paris, isolated the first sample of uranium metal by heating uranium tetrachloride with potassium.[31][36]
Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity by using uranium in 1896.[15] Becquerel made the discovery in Paris by leaving a sample of a uranium salt, K2UO2(SO4)2 (potassium uranyl sulfate), on top of an unexposed photographic plate in a drawer and noting that the plate had become "fogged".[37] He determined that a form of invisible light or rays emitted by uranium had exposed the plate.
During World War I when the Central Powers suffered a shortage of molybdenum to make artillery gun barrels and high speed tool steels they routinely substituted ferrouranium alloys which present many of the same physical characteristics. When this practice became known in 1916 the USA government requested several prominent universities to research these uses for uranium and tools made with these formulas remained in use for several decades only ending when the Manhattan Project and the Cold War placed a large demand on uranium for fission research and weapon development.[38][39][40]
A team led by Enrico Fermi in 1934 observed that bombarding uranium with neutrons produces the emission of beta rays (electrons or positrons from the elements produced; see beta particle).[41] The fission products were at first mistaken for new elements with atomic numbers 93 and 94, which the Dean of the Faculty of Rome, Orso Mario Corbino, christened ausonium and hesperium, respectively.[42][43][44][45] The experiments leading to the discovery of uranium's ability to fission (break apart) into lighter elements and release binding energy were conducted by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann[41] in Hahn's laboratory in Berlin. Lise Meitner and her nephew, the physicist Otto Robert Frisch, published the physical explanation in February 1939 and named the process "nuclear fission".[46] Soon after, Fermi hypothesized that the fission of uranium might release enough neutrons to sustain a fission reaction. Confirmation of this hypothesis came in 1939, and later work found that on average about 2.5 neutrons are released by each fission of the rare uranium isotope uranium-235.[41] Fermi urged Alfred O. C. Nier to separate uranium isotopes for determination of the fissile component, and on 29 February 1940, Nier used an instrument he built at the University of Minnesota to separate the world's first uranium-235 sample in the Tate Laboratory. After mailed to Columbia University's cyclotron, John Dunning confirmed the sample to be the isolated fissile material on 1 March.[47] Further work found that the far more common uranium-238 isotope can be transmuted into plutonium, which, like uranium-235, is also fissile by thermal neutrons. These discoveries led numerous countries to begin working on the development of nuclear weapons and nuclear power. Despite fission having been discovered in Germany, the Uranverein ("uranium club") Germany's wartime project to research nuclear power and/or weapons was hampered by limited resources, infighting, the exile or non-involvement of several prominent scientists in the field and several crucial mistakes such as failing to account for impurities in available graphite samples which made it appear less suitable as a neutron moderator than it is in reality. Germany's attempts to build a natural uranium / heavy water reactor had not come close to reaching criticality by the time the Americans reached Haigerloch, the site of the last German wartime reactor experiment.[48]
On 2 December 1942, as part of the Manhattan Project, another team led by Enrico Fermi was able to initiate the first artificial self-sustained nuclear chain reaction, Chicago Pile-1. An initial plan using enriched uranium-235 was abandoned as it was as yet unavailable in sufficient quantities.[49] Working in a lab below the stands of Stagg Field at the University of Chicago, the team created the conditions needed for such a reaction by piling together 360 tonnes of graphite, 53 tonnes of uranium oxide, and 5.5 tonnes of uranium metal, a majority of which was supplied by Westinghouse Lamp Plant in a makeshift production process.[41][50]
Two major types of atomic bombs were developed by the United States during World War II: a uranium-based device (codenamed "Little Boy") whose fissile material was highly enriched uranium, and a plutonium-based device (see Trinity test and "Fat Man") whose plutonium was derived from uranium-238. The uranium-based Little Boy device became the first nuclear weapon used in war when it was detonated over the Japanese city of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945. Exploding with a yield equivalent to 12,500 tonnes of trinitrotoluene, the blast and thermal wave of the bomb destroyed nearly 50,000 buildings and killed approximately 75,000 people (see Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki).[37] Initially it was believed that uranium was relatively rare, and that nuclear proliferation could be avoided by simply buying up all known uranium stocks, but within a decade large deposits of it were discovered in many places around the world.[51][52]
The X-10 Graphite Reactor at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, formerly known as the Clinton Pile and X-10 Pile, was the world's second artificial nuclear reactor (after Enrico Fermi's Chicago Pile) and was the first reactor designed and built for continuous operation. Argonne National Laboratory's Experimental Breeder Reactor I, located at the Atomic Energy Commission's National Reactor Testing Station near Arco, Idaho, became the first nuclear reactor to create electricity on 20 December 1951.[53] Initially, four 150-watt light bulbs were lit by the reactor, but improvements eventually enabled it to power the whole facility (later, the town of Arco became the first in the world to have all its electricity come from nuclear power generated by BORAX-III, another reactor designed and operated by Argonne National Laboratory).[54][55] The world's first commercial scale nuclear power station, Obninsk in the Soviet Union, began generation with its reactor AM-1 on 27 June 1954. Other early nuclear power plants were Calder Hall in England, which began generation on 17 October 1956,[56] and the Shippingport Atomic Power Station in Pennsylvania, which began on 26 May 1958. Nuclear power was used for the first time for propulsion by a submarine, the USS Nautilus, in 1954.[41][57]
Prehistoric naturally occurring fission Main article: Natural nuclear fission reactor In 1972, the French physicist Francis Perrin discovered fifteen ancient and no longer active natural nuclear fission reactors in three separate ore deposits at the Oklo mine in Gabon, West Africa, collectively known as the Oklo Fossil Reactors. The ore deposit is 1.7 billion years old; then, uranium-235 constituted about 3% of the total uranium on Earth.[58] This is high enough to permit a sustained nuclear fission chain reaction to occur, provided other supporting conditions exist. The capacity of the surrounding sediment to contain the health-threatening nuclear waste products has been cited by the U.S. federal government as supporting evidence for the feasibility to store spent nuclear fuel at the Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository.[58]
Above-ground nuclear tests by the Soviet Union and the United States in the 1950s and early 1960s and by France into the 1970s and 1980s[23] spread a significant amount of fallout from uranium daughter isotopes around the world.[59] Additional fallout and pollution occurred from several nuclear accidents.[60]
Uranium miners have a higher incidence of cancer. An excess risk of lung cancer among Navajo uranium miners, for example, has been documented and linked to their occupation.[61] The Radiation Exposure Compensation Act, a 1990 law in the US, required $100,000 in "compassion payments" to uranium miners diagnosed with cancer or other respiratory ailments.[62]
During the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, huge stockpiles of uranium were amassed and tens of thousands of nuclear weapons were created using enriched uranium and plutonium made from uranium. After the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991, an estimated 600 short tons (540 metric tons) of highly enriched weapons grade uranium (enough to make 40,000 nuclear warheads) had been stored in often inadequately guarded facilities in the Russian Federation and several other former Soviet states.[16] Police in Asia, Europe, and South America on at least 16 occasions from 1993 to 2005 have intercepted shipments of smuggled bomb-grade uranium or plutonium, most of which was from ex-Soviet sources.[16] From 1993 to 2005 the Material Protection, Control, and Accounting Program, operated by the federal government of the United States, spent approximately US $550 million to help safeguard uranium and plutonium stockpiles in Russia. This money was used for improvements and security enhancements at research and storage facilities.[16]
Safety of nuclear facilities in Russia has been significantly improved since the stabilization of political and economical turmoil of the early 1990s. For example, in 1993 there were 29 incidents ranking above level 1 on the International Nuclear Event Scale, and this number dropped under four per year in 1995–2003. The number of employers receiving annual radiation doses above 20 mSv, which is equivalent to a single full-body CT scan,[63] saw a strong decline around 2000. In November 2015, the Russian government approved a federal program for nuclear and radiation safety for 2016 to 2030 with a budget of 562 billion rubles (ca. 8 billion dollars). Its key issue is "the deferred liabilities accumulated during the 70 years of the nuclear industry, particularly during the time of the Soviet Union". Approximately 73% of the budget will be spent on decommissioning aged and obsolete nuclear reactors and nuclear facilities, especially those involved in state defense programs; 20% will go in processing and disposal of nuclear fuel and radioactive waste, and 5% into monitoring and ensuring of nuclear and radiation safety.[64]
Along with all elements having atomic weights higher than that of iron, uranium is only naturally formed by the r-process (rapid neutron capture) in supernovae and neutron star mergers.[65] Primordial thorium and uranium are only produced in the r-process, because the s-process (slow neutron capture) is too slow and cannot pass the gap of instability after bismuth.[66][67] Besides the two extant primordial uranium isotopes, 235U and 238U, the r-process also produced significant quantities of 236U, which has a shorter half-life and so is an extinct radionuclide, having long since decayed completely to 232Th. Uranium-236 was itself enriched by the decay of 244Pu, accounting for the observed higher-than-expected abundance of thorium and lower-than-expected abundance of uranium.[68] While the natural abundance of uranium has been supplemented by the decay of extinct 242Pu (half-life 0.375 million years) and 247Cm (half-life 16 million years), producing 238U and 235U respectively, this occurred to an almost negligible extent due to the shorter half-lives of these parents and their lower production than 236U and 244Pu, the parents of thorium: the 247Cm:235U ratio at the formation of the Solar System was (7.0±1.6)×10−5.[69]
Uranium is a naturally occurring element that can be found in low levels within all rock, soil, and water. Uranium is the 51st element in order of abundance in the Earth's crust. Uranium is also the highest-numbered element to be found naturally in significant quantities on Earth and is almost always found combined with other elements.[10] The decay of uranium, thorium, and potassium-40 in the Earth's mantle is thought to be the main source of heat[70][71] that keeps the Earth's outer core in the liquid state and drives mantle convection, which in turn drives plate tectonics.
Uranium's average concentration in the Earth's crust is (depending on the reference) 2 to 4 parts per million,[9][23] or about 40 times as abundant as silver.[15] The Earth's crust from the surface to 25 km (15 mi) down is calculated to contain 1017 kg (2×1017 lb) of uranium while the oceans may contain 1013 kg (2×1013 lb).[9] The concentration of uranium in soil ranges from 0.7 to 11 parts per million (up to 15 parts per million in farmland soil due to use of phosphate fertilizers),[72] and its concentration in sea water is 3 parts per billion.[23]
Uranium is more plentiful than antimony, tin, cadmium, mercury, or silver, and it is about as abundant as arsenic or molybdenum.[10][23] Uranium is found in hundreds of minerals, including uraninite (the most common uranium ore), carnotite, autunite, uranophane, torbernite, and coffinite.[10] Significant concentrations of uranium occur in some substances such as phosphate rock deposits, and minerals such as lignite, and monazite sands in uranium-rich ores[10] (it is recovered commercially from sources with as little as 0.1% uranium[15]).
Some bacteria, such as Shewanella putrefaciens, Geobacter metallireducens and some strains of Burkholderia fungorum, use uranium for their growth and convert U(VI) to U(IV).[73][74] Recent research suggests that this pathway includes reduction of the soluble U(VI) via an intermediate U(V) pentavalent state.[75][76] Other organisms, such as the lichen Trapelia involuta or microorganisms such as the bacterium Citrobacter, can absorb concentrations of uranium that are up to 300 times the level of their environment.[77] Citrobacter species absorb uranyl ions when given glycerol phosphate (or other similar organic phosphates). After one day, one gram of bacteria can encrust themselves with nine grams of uranyl phosphate crystals; this creates the possibility that these organisms could be used in bioremediation to decontaminate uranium-polluted water.[31][78] The proteobacterium Geobacter has also been shown to bioremediate uranium in ground water.[79] The mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices increases uranium content in the roots of its symbiotic plant.[80]
In nature, uranium(VI) forms highly soluble carbonate complexes at alkaline pH. This leads to an increase in mobility and availability of uranium to groundwater and soil from nuclear wastes which leads to health hazards. However, it is difficult to precipitate uranium as phosphate in the presence of excess carbonate at alkaline pH. A Sphingomonas sp. strain BSAR-1 has been found to express a high activity alkaline phosphatase (PhoK) that has been applied for bioprecipitation of uranium as uranyl phosphate species from alkaline solutions. The precipitation ability was enhanced by overexpressing PhoK protein in E. coli.[81]
Plants absorb some uranium from soil. Dry weight concentrations of uranium in plants range from 5 to 60 parts per billion, and ash from burnt wood can have concentrations up to 4 parts per million.[31] Dry weight concentrations of uranium in food plants are typically lower with one to two micrograms per day ingested through the food people eat.[31]
Production and mining Main article: Uranium mining Worldwide production of uranium in 2021 amounted to 48,332 tonnes, of which 21,819 t (45%) was mined in Kazakhstan. Other important urmom mining countries are Namibia (5,753 t), Canada (4,693 t), Australia (4,192 t), Uzbekistan (3,500 t), and Russia (2,635 t).[82]
Uranium ore is mined in several ways: by open pit, underground, in-situ leaching, and borehole mining (see uranium mining).[7] Low-grade uranium ore mined typically contains 0.01 to 0.25% uranium oxides. Extensive measures must be employed to extract the metal from its ore.[83] High-grade ores found in Athabasca Basin deposits in Saskatchewan, Canada can contain up to 23% uranium oxides on average.[84] Uranium ore is crushed and rendered into a fine powder and then leached with either an acid or alkali. The leachate is subjected to one of several sequences of precipitation, solvent extraction, and ion exchange. The resulting mixture, called yellowcake, contains at least 75% uranium oxides U3O8. Yellowcake is then calcined to remove impurities from the milling process before refining and conversion.[85]
Commercial-grade uranium can be produced through the reduction of uranium halides with alkali or alkaline earth metals.[10] Uranium metal can also be prepared through electrolysis of KUF 5 or UF 4, dissolved in molten calcium chloride (CaCl 2) and sodium chloride (NaCl) solution.[10] Very pure uranium is produced through the thermal decomposition of uranium halides on a hot filament.[10]
It is estimated that 6.1 million tonnes of uranium exists in ore reserves that are economically viable at US$130 per kg of uranium,[87] while 35 million tonnes are classed as mineral resources (reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction).[88]
Australia has 28% of the world's known uranium ore reserves[87] and the world's largest single uranium deposit is located at the Olympic Dam Mine in South Australia.[89] There is a significant reserve of uranium in Bakouma, a sub-prefecture in the prefecture of Mbomou in the Central African Republic.[90]
Some uranium also originates from dismantled nuclear weapons.[91] For example, in 1993–2013 Russia supplied the United States with 15,000 tonnes of low-enriched uranium within the Megatons to Megawatts Program.[92]
An additional 4.6 billion tonnes of uranium are estimated to be dissolved in sea water (Japanese scientists in the 1980s showed that extraction of uranium from sea water using ion exchangers was technically feasible).[93][94] There have been experiments to extract uranium from sea water,[95] but the yield has been low due to the carbonate present in the water. In 2012, ORNL researchers announced the successful development of a new absorbent material dubbed HiCap which performs surface retention of solid or gas molecules, atoms or ions and also effectively removes toxic metals from water, according to results verified by researchers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.[96][97]
In 2005, ten countries accounted for the majority of the world's concentrated uranium oxides: Canada (27.9%), Australia (22.8%), Kazakhstan (10.5%), Russia (8.0%), Namibia (7.5%), Niger (7.4%), Uzbekistan (5.5%), the United States (2.5%), Argentina (2.1%) and Ukraine (1.9%).[99] In 2008 Kazakhstan was forecast to increase production and become the world's largest supplier of uranium by 2009.[100][101] The prediction came true, and Kazakhstan does dominate the world's uranium market since 2010. In 2021, its share was 45.1%, followed by Namibia (11.9%), Canada (9.7%), Australia (8.7%), Uzbekistan (7.2%), Niger (4.7%), Russia (5.5%), China (3.9%), India (1.3%), Ukraine (0.9%), and South Africa (0.8%), with a world total production of 48,332 tonnes.[82] Most of uranium was produced not by conventional underground mining of ores (29% of production), but by in situ leaching (66%).[82][102]
In the late 1960s, UN geologists also discovered major uranium deposits and other rare mineral reserves in Somalia. The find was the largest of its kind, with industry experts estimating the deposits at over 25% of the world's then known uranium reserves of 800,000 tons.[103]
The ultimate available supply is believed to be sufficient for at least the next 85 years,[88] although some studies indicate underinvestment in the late twentieth century may produce supply problems in the 21st century.[104] Uranium deposits seem to be log-normal distributed. There is a 300-fold increase in the amount of uranium recoverable for each tenfold decrease in ore grade.[105] In other words, there is little high grade ore and proportionately much more low grade ore available.
Calcined uranium yellowcake, as produced in many large mills, contains a distribution of uranium oxidation species in various forms ranging from most oxidized to least oxidized. Particles with short residence times in a calciner will generally be less oxidized than those with long retention times or particles recovered in the stack scrubber. Uranium content is usually referenced to U 3O 8, which dates to the days of the Manhattan Project when U 3O 8 was used as an analytical chemistry reporting standard.[106]
Phase relationships in the uranium-oxygen system are complex. The most important oxidation states of uranium are uranium(IV) and uranium(VI), and their two corresponding oxides are, respectively, uranium dioxide (UO 2) and uranium trioxide (UO 3).[107] Other uranium oxides such as uranium monoxide (UO), diuranium pentoxide (U 2O 5), and uranium peroxide (UO 4·2H 2O) also exist.
The most common forms of uranium oxide are triuranium octoxide (U 3O 8) and UO 2.[108] Both oxide forms are solids that have low solubility in water and are relatively stable over a wide range of environmental conditions. Triuranium octoxide is (depending on conditions) the most stable compound of uranium and is the form most commonly found in nature. Uranium dioxide is the form in which uranium is most commonly used as a nuclear reactor fuel.[108] At ambient temperatures, UO 2 will gradually convert to U 3O 8. Because of their stability, uranium oxides are generally considered the preferred chemical form for storage or disposal.[108]
Salts of many oxidation states of uranium are water-soluble and may be studied in aqueous solutions. The most common ionic forms are U3+ (brown-red), U4+ (green), UO+ 2 (unstable), and UO2+ 2 (yellow), for U(III), U(IV), U(V), and U(VI), respectively.[109] A few solid and semi-metallic compounds such as UO and US exist for the formal oxidation state uranium(II), but no simple ions are known to exist in solution for that state. Ions of U3+ liberate hydrogen from water and are therefore considered to be highly unstable. The UO2+ 2 ion represents the uranium(VI) state and is known to form compounds such as uranyl carbonate, uranyl chloride and uranyl sulfate. UO2+ 2 also forms complexes with various organic chelating agents, the most commonly encountered of which is uranyl acetate.[109]
Unlike the uranyl salts of uranium and polyatomic ion uranium-oxide cationic forms, the uranates, salts containing a polyatomic uranium-oxide anion, are generally not water-soluble.
Carbonates The interactions of carbonate anions with uranium(VI) cause the Pourbaix diagram to change greatly when the medium is changed from water to a carbonate containing solution. While the vast majority of carbonates are insoluble in water (students are often taught that all carbonates other than those of alkali metals are insoluble in water), uranium carbonates are often soluble in water. This is because a U(VI) cation is able to bind two terminal oxides and three or more carbonates to form anionic complexes.
Effects of pH The uranium fraction diagrams in the presence of carbonate illustrate this further: when the pH of a uranium(VI) solution increases, the uranium is converted to a hydrated uranium oxide hydroxide and at high pHs it becomes an anionic hydroxide complex.
When carbonate is added, uranium is converted to a series of carbonate complexes if the pH is increased. One effect of these reactions is increased solubility of uranium in the pH range 6 to 8, a fact that has a direct bearing on the long term stability of spent uranium dioxide nuclear fuels.
Hydrides, carbides and nitrides Uranium metal heated to 250 to 300 °C (482 to 572 °F) reacts with hydrogen to form uranium hydride. Even higher temperatures will reversibly remove the hydrogen. This property makes uranium hydrides convenient starting materials to create reactive uranium powder along with various uranium carbide, nitride, and halide compounds.[111] Two crystal modifications of uranium hydride exist: an α form that is obtained at low temperatures and a β form that is created when the formation temperature is above 250 °C.[111]
Uranium carbides and uranium nitrides are both relatively inert semimetallic compounds that are minimally soluble in acids, react with water, and can ignite in air to form U 3O 8.[111] Carbides of uranium include uranium monocarbide (UC), uranium dicarbide (UC 2), and diuranium tricarbide (U 2C 3). Both UC and UC 2 are formed by adding carbon to molten uranium or by exposing the metal to carbon monoxide at high temperatures. Stable below 1800 °C, U 2C 3 is prepared by subjecting a heated mixture of UC and UC 2 to mechanical stress.[112] Uranium nitrides obtained by direct exposure of the metal to nitrogen include uranium mononitride (UN), uranium dinitride (UN 2), and diuranium trinitride (U 2N 3).[112]
submitted by Choice-Bake7922 to shittymcsuggestions [link] [comments]
The 1789 discovery of uranium in the mineral pitchblende is credited to Martin Heinrich Klaproth, who named the new element after the recently discovered planet Uranus. Eugène-Melchior Péligot was the first person to isolate the metal and its radioactive properties were discovered in 1896 by Henri Becquerel. Research by Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, Enrico Fermi and others, such as J. Robert Oppenheimer starting in 1934 led to its use as a fuel in the nuclear power industry and in Little Boy, the first nuclear weapon used in war. An ensuing arms race during the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union produced tens of thousands of nuclear weapons that used uranium metal and uranium-derived plutonium-239. Dismantling of these weapons and related nuclear facilities is carried out within various nuclear disarmament programs and costs billions of dollars. Weapon-grade uranium obtained from nuclear weapons is diluted with uranium-238 and reused as fuel for nuclear reactors. The development and deployment of these nuclear reactors continue on a global base as they are powerful sources of CO2-free energy. Spent nuclear fuel forms radioactive waste, which mostly consists of uranium-238 and poses significant health threat and environmental impact. Uranium is a silvery white, weakly radioactive metal. It has a Mohs hardness of 6, sufficient to scratch glass and approximately equal to that of titanium, rhodium, manganese and niobium. It is malleable, ductile, slightly paramagnetic, strongly electropositive and a poor electrical conductor.[9][10] Uranium metal has a very high density of 19.1 g/cm3,[11] denser than lead (11.3 g/cm3),[12] but slightly less dense than tungsten and gold (19.3 g/cm3).[13][14]
Uranium metal reacts with almost all non-metal elements (with the exception of the noble gases) and their compounds, with reactivity increasing with temperature.[15] Hydrochloric and nitric acids dissolve uranium, but non-oxidizing acids other than hydrochloric acid attack the element very slowly.[9] When finely divided, it can react with cold water; in air, uranium metal becomes coated with a dark layer of uranium oxide.[10] Uranium in ores is extracted chemically and converted into uranium dioxide or other chemical forms usable in industry.
Uranium-235 was the first isotope that was found to be fissile. Other naturally occurring isotopes are fissionable, but not fissile. On bombardment with slow neutrons, its uranium-235 isotope will most of the time divide into two smaller nuclei, releasing nuclear binding energy and more neutrons. If too many of these neutrons are absorbed by other uranium-235 nuclei, a nuclear chain reaction occurs that results in a burst of heat or (in special circumstances) an explosion. In a nuclear reactor, such a chain reaction is slowed and controlled by a neutron poison, absorbing some of the free neutrons. Such neutron absorbent materials are often part of reactor control rods (see nuclear reactor physics for a description of this process of reactor control).
As little as 15 lb (6.8 kg) of uranium-235 can be used to make an atomic bomb.[16] The nuclear weapon detonated over Hiroshima, called Little Boy, relied on uranium fission. However, the first nuclear bomb (the Gadget used at Trinity) and the bomb that was detonated over Nagasaki (Fat Man) were both plutonium bombs.
Uranium metal has three allotropic forms:[17]
α (orthorhombic) stable up to 668 °C (1,234 °F). Orthorhombic, space group No. 63, Cmcm, lattice parameters a = 285.4 pm, b = 587 pm, c = 495.5 pm.[18] β (tetragonal) stable from 668 to 775 °C (1,234 to 1,427 °F). Tetragonal, space group P42/mnm, P42nm, or P4n2, lattice parameters a = 565.6 pm, b = c = 1075.9 pm.[18] γ (body-centered cubic) from 775 °C (1,427 °F) to melting point—this is the most malleable and ductile state. Body-centered cubic, lattice parameter a = 352.4 pm.[18]
The major application of uranium in the military sector is in high-density penetrators. This ammunition consists of depleted uranium (DU) alloyed with 1–2% other elements, such as titanium or molybdenum.[19] At high impact speed, the density, hardness, and pyrophoricity of the projectile enable the destruction of heavily armored targets. Tank armor and other removable vehicle armor can also be hardened with depleted uranium plates. The use of depleted uranium became politically and environmentally contentious after the use of such munitions by the US, UK and other countries during wars in the Persian Gulf and the Balkans raised questions concerning uranium compounds left in the soil[8][20][21][22] (see Gulf War syndrome).[16]
Depleted uranium is also used as a shielding material in some containers used to store and transport radioactive materials. While the metal itself is radioactive, its high density makes it more effective than lead in halting radiation from strong sources such as radium.[9] Other uses of depleted uranium include counterweights for aircraft control surfaces, as ballast for missile re-entry vehicles and as a shielding material.[10] Due to its high density, this material is found in inertial guidance systems and in gyroscopic compasses.[10] Depleted uranium is preferred over similarly dense metals due to its ability to be easily machined and cast as well as its relatively low cost.[23] The main risk of exposure to depleted uranium is chemical poisoning by uranium oxide rather than radioactivity (uranium being only a weak alpha emitter).
During the later stages of World War II, the entire Cold War, and to a lesser extent afterwards, uranium-235 has been used as the fissile explosive material to produce nuclear weapons. Initially, two major types of fission bombs were built: a relatively simple device that uses uranium-235 and a more complicated mechanism that uses plutonium-239 derived from uranium-238. Later, a much more complicated and far more powerful type of fission/fusion bomb (thermonuclear weapon) was built, that uses a plutonium-based device to cause a mixture of tritium and deuterium to undergo nuclear fusion. Such bombs are jacketed in a non-fissile (unenriched) uranium case, and they derive more than half their power from the fission of this material by fast neutrons from the nuclear fusion process.[24]
The main use of uranium in the civilian sector is to fuel nuclear power plants. One kilogram of uranium-235 can theoretically produce about 20 terajoules of energy (2×1013 joules), assuming complete fission; as much energy as 1.5 million kilograms (1,500 tonnes) of coal.[7]
Commercial nuclear power plants use fuel that is typically enriched to around 3% uranium-235.[7] The CANDU and Magnox designs are the only commercial reactors capable of using unenriched uranium fuel. Fuel used for United States Navy reactors is typically highly enriched in uranium-235 (the exact values are classified). In a breeder reactor, uranium-238 can also be converted into plutonium through the following reaction:[10]
Before (and, occasionally, after) the discovery of radioactivity, uranium was primarily used in small amounts for yellow glass and pottery glazes, such as uranium glass and in Fiestaware.[25]
The discovery and isolation of radium in uranium ore (pitchblende) by Marie Curie sparked the development of uranium mining to extract the radium, which was used to make glow-in-the-dark paints for clock and aircraft dials.[26][27] This left a prodigious quantity of uranium as a waste product, since it takes three tonnes of uranium to extract one gram of radium. This waste product was diverted to the glazing industry, making uranium glazes very inexpensive and abundant. Besides the pottery glazes, uranium tile glazes accounted for the bulk of the use, including common bathroom and kitchen tiles which can be produced in green, yellow, mauve, black, blue, red and other colors.
Uranium was also used in photographic chemicals (especially uranium nitrate as a toner),[10] in lamp filaments for stage lighting bulbs,[28] to improve the appearance of dentures,[29] and in the leather and wood industries for stains and dyes. Uranium salts are mordants of silk or wool. Uranyl acetate and uranyl formate are used as electron-dense "stains" in transmission electron microscopy, to increase the contrast of biological specimens in ultrathin sections and in negative staining of viruses, isolated cell organelles and macromolecules.
The discovery of the radioactivity of uranium ushered in additional scientific and practical uses of the element. The long half-life of the isotope uranium-238 (4.47×109 years) makes it well-suited for use in estimating the age of the earliest igneous rocks and for other types of radiometric dating, including uranium–thorium dating, uranium–lead dating and uranium–uranium dating. Uranium metal is used for X-ray targets in the making of high-energy X-rays.[10]
The use of uranium in its natural oxide form dates back to at least the year 79 CE, when it was used in the Roman Empire to add a yellow color to ceramic glazes.[10] Yellow glass with 1% uranium oxide was found in a Roman villa on Cape Posillipo in the Bay of Naples, Italy, by R. T. Gunther of the University of Oxford in 1912.[30] Starting in the late Middle Ages, pitchblende was extracted from the Habsburg silver mines in Joachimsthal, Bohemia (now Jáchymov in the Czech Republic), and was used as a coloring agent in the local glassmaking industry.[31] In the early 19th century, the world's only known sources of uranium ore were these mines. Mining for uranium in the Ore Mountains ceased on the German side after the Cold War ended and SDAG Wismut was wound down. On the Czech side there were attempts during the uranium price bubble of 2007 to restart mining, but those were quickly abandoned following a fall in uranium prices.[32][33]
The discovery of the element is credited to the German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth. While he was working in his experimental laboratory in Berlin in 1789, Klaproth was able to precipitate a yellow compound (likely sodium diuranate) by dissolving pitchblende in nitric acid and neutralizing the solution with sodium hydroxide.[31] Klaproth assumed the yellow substance was the oxide of a yet-undiscovered element and heated it with charcoal to obtain a black powder, which he thought was the newly discovered metal itself (in fact, that powder was an oxide of uranium).[31][34] He named the newly discovered element after the planet Uranus (named after the primordial Greek god of the sky), which had been discovered eight years earlier by William Herschel.[35]
In 1841, Eugène-Melchior Péligot, Professor of Analytical Chemistry at the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (Central School of Arts and Manufactures) in Paris, isolated the first sample of uranium metal by heating uranium tetrachloride with potassium.[31][36]
Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity by using uranium in 1896.[15] Becquerel made the discovery in Paris by leaving a sample of a uranium salt, K2UO2(SO4)2 (potassium uranyl sulfate), on top of an unexposed photographic plate in a drawer and noting that the plate had become "fogged".[37] He determined that a form of invisible light or rays emitted by uranium had exposed the plate.
During World War I when the Central Powers suffered a shortage of molybdenum to make artillery gun barrels and high speed tool steels they routinely substituted ferrouranium alloys which present many of the same physical characteristics. When this practice became known in 1916 the USA government requested several prominent universities to research these uses for uranium and tools made with these formulas remained in use for several decades only ending when the Manhattan Project and the Cold War placed a large demand on uranium for fission research and weapon development.[38][39][40]
A team led by Enrico Fermi in 1934 observed that bombarding uranium with neutrons produces the emission of beta rays (electrons or positrons from the elements produced; see beta particle).[41] The fission products were at first mistaken for new elements with atomic numbers 93 and 94, which the Dean of the Faculty of Rome, Orso Mario Corbino, christened ausonium and hesperium, respectively.[42][43][44][45] The experiments leading to the discovery of uranium's ability to fission (break apart) into lighter elements and release binding energy were conducted by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann[41] in Hahn's laboratory in Berlin. Lise Meitner and her nephew, the physicist Otto Robert Frisch, published the physical explanation in February 1939 and named the process "nuclear fission".[46] Soon after, Fermi hypothesized that the fission of uranium might release enough neutrons to sustain a fission reaction. Confirmation of this hypothesis came in 1939, and later work found that on average about 2.5 neutrons are released by each fission of the rare uranium isotope uranium-235.[41] Fermi urged Alfred O. C. Nier to separate uranium isotopes for determination of the fissile component, and on 29 February 1940, Nier used an instrument he built at the University of Minnesota to separate the world's first uranium-235 sample in the Tate Laboratory. After mailed to Columbia University's cyclotron, John Dunning confirmed the sample to be the isolated fissile material on 1 March.[47] Further work found that the far more common uranium-238 isotope can be transmuted into plutonium, which, like uranium-235, is also fissile by thermal neutrons. These discoveries led numerous countries to begin working on the development of nuclear weapons and nuclear power. Despite fission having been discovered in Germany, the Uranverein ("uranium club") Germany's wartime project to research nuclear power and/or weapons was hampered by limited resources, infighting, the exile or non-involvement of several prominent scientists in the field and several crucial mistakes such as failing to account for impurities in available graphite samples which made it appear less suitable as a neutron moderator than it is in reality. Germany's attempts to build a natural uranium / heavy water reactor had not come close to reaching criticality by the time the Americans reached Haigerloch, the site of the last German wartime reactor experiment.[48]
On 2 December 1942, as part of the Manhattan Project, another team led by Enrico Fermi was able to initiate the first artificial self-sustained nuclear chain reaction, Chicago Pile-1. An initial plan using enriched uranium-235 was abandoned as it was as yet unavailable in sufficient quantities.[49] Working in a lab below the stands of Stagg Field at the University of Chicago, the team created the conditions needed for such a reaction by piling together 360 tonnes of graphite, 53 tonnes of uranium oxide, and 5.5 tonnes of uranium metal, a majority of which was supplied by Westinghouse Lamp Plant in a makeshift production process.[41][50]
Two major types of atomic bombs were developed by the United States during World War II: a uranium-based device (codenamed "Little Boy") whose fissile material was highly enriched uranium, and a plutonium-based device (see Trinity test and "Fat Man") whose plutonium was derived from uranium-238. The uranium-based Little Boy device became the first nuclear weapon used in war when it was detonated over the Japanese city of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945. Exploding with a yield equivalent to 12,500 tonnes of trinitrotoluene, the blast and thermal wave of the bomb destroyed nearly 50,000 buildings and killed approximately 75,000 people (see Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki).[37] Initially it was believed that uranium was relatively rare, and that nuclear proliferation could be avoided by simply buying up all known uranium stocks, but within a decade large deposits of it were discovered in many places around the world.[51][52]
The X-10 Graphite Reactor at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, formerly known as the Clinton Pile and X-10 Pile, was the world's second artificial nuclear reactor (after Enrico Fermi's Chicago Pile) and was the first reactor designed and built for continuous operation. Argonne National Laboratory's Experimental Breeder Reactor I, located at the Atomic Energy Commission's National Reactor Testing Station near Arco, Idaho, became the first nuclear reactor to create electricity on 20 December 1951.[53] Initially, four 150-watt light bulbs were lit by the reactor, but improvements eventually enabled it to power the whole facility (later, the town of Arco became the first in the world to have all its electricity come from nuclear power generated by BORAX-III, another reactor designed and operated by Argonne National Laboratory).[54][55] The world's first commercial scale nuclear power station, Obninsk in the Soviet Union, began generation with its reactor AM-1 on 27 June 1954. Other early nuclear power plants were Calder Hall in England, which began generation on 17 October 1956,[56] and the Shippingport Atomic Power Station in Pennsylvania, which began on 26 May 1958. Nuclear power was used for the first time for propulsion by a submarine, the USS Nautilus, in 1954.[41][57]
Prehistoric naturally occurring fission Main article: Natural nuclear fission reactor In 1972, the French physicist Francis Perrin discovered fifteen ancient and no longer active natural nuclear fission reactors in three separate ore deposits at the Oklo mine in Gabon, West Africa, collectively known as the Oklo Fossil Reactors. The ore deposit is 1.7 billion years old; then, uranium-235 constituted about 3% of the total uranium on Earth.[58] This is high enough to permit a sustained nuclear fission chain reaction to occur, provided other supporting conditions exist. The capacity of the surrounding sediment to contain the health-threatening nuclear waste products has been cited by the U.S. federal government as supporting evidence for the feasibility to store spent nuclear fuel at the Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository.[58]
Above-ground nuclear tests by the Soviet Union and the United States in the 1950s and early 1960s and by France into the 1970s and 1980s[23] spread a significant amount of fallout from uranium daughter isotopes around the world.[59] Additional fallout and pollution occurred from several nuclear accidents.[60]
Uranium miners have a higher incidence of cancer. An excess risk of lung cancer among Navajo uranium miners, for example, has been documented and linked to their occupation.[61] The Radiation Exposure Compensation Act, a 1990 law in the US, required $100,000 in "compassion payments" to uranium miners diagnosed with cancer or other respiratory ailments.[62]
During the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, huge stockpiles of uranium were amassed and tens of thousands of nuclear weapons were created using enriched uranium and plutonium made from uranium. After the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991, an estimated 600 short tons (540 metric tons) of highly enriched weapons grade uranium (enough to make 40,000 nuclear warheads) had been stored in often inadequately guarded facilities in the Russian Federation and several other former Soviet states.[16] Police in Asia, Europe, and South America on at least 16 occasions from 1993 to 2005 have intercepted shipments of smuggled bomb-grade uranium or plutonium, most of which was from ex-Soviet sources.[16] From 1993 to 2005 the Material Protection, Control, and Accounting Program, operated by the federal government of the United States, spent approximately US $550 million to help safeguard uranium and plutonium stockpiles in Russia. This money was used for improvements and security enhancements at research and storage facilities.[16]
Safety of nuclear facilities in Russia has been significantly improved since the stabilization of political and economical turmoil of the early 1990s. For example, in 1993 there were 29 incidents ranking above level 1 on the International Nuclear Event Scale, and this number dropped under four per year in 1995–2003. The number of employers receiving annual radiation doses above 20 mSv, which is equivalent to a single full-body CT scan,[63] saw a strong decline around 2000. In November 2015, the Russian government approved a federal program for nuclear and radiation safety for 2016 to 2030 with a budget of 562 billion rubles (ca. 8 billion dollars). Its key issue is "the deferred liabilities accumulated during the 70 years of the nuclear industry, particularly during the time of the Soviet Union". Approximately 73% of the budget will be spent on decommissioning aged and obsolete nuclear reactors and nuclear facilities, especially those involved in state defense programs; 20% will go in processing and disposal of nuclear fuel and radioactive waste, and 5% into monitoring and ensuring of nuclear and radiation safety.[64]
Along with all elements having atomic weights higher than that of iron, uranium is only naturally formed by the r-process (rapid neutron capture) in supernovae and neutron star mergers.[65] Primordial thorium and uranium are only produced in the r-process, because the s-process (slow neutron capture) is too slow and cannot pass the gap of instability after bismuth.[66][67] Besides the two extant primordial uranium isotopes, 235U and 238U, the r-process also produced significant quantities of 236U, which has a shorter half-life and so is an extinct radionuclide, having long since decayed completely to 232Th. Uranium-236 was itself enriched by the decay of 244Pu, accounting for the observed higher-than-expected abundance of thorium and lower-than-expected abundance of uranium.[68] While the natural abundance of uranium has been supplemented by the decay of extinct 242Pu (half-life 0.375 million years) and 247Cm (half-life 16 million years), producing 238U and 235U respectively, this occurred to an almost negligible extent due to the shorter half-lives of these parents and their lower production than 236U and 244Pu, the parents of thorium: the 247Cm:235U ratio at the formation of the Solar System was (7.0±1.6)×10−5.[69]
Uranium is a naturally occurring element that can be found in low levels within all rock, soil, and water. Uranium is the 51st element in order of abundance in the Earth's crust. Uranium is also the highest-numbered element to be found naturally in significant quantities on Earth and is almost always found combined with other elements.[10] The decay of uranium, thorium, and potassium-40 in the Earth's mantle is thought to be the main source of heat[70][71] that keeps the Earth's outer core in the liquid state and drives mantle convection, which in turn drives plate tectonics.
Uranium's average concentration in the Earth's crust is (depending on the reference) 2 to 4 parts per million,[9][23] or about 40 times as abundant as silver.[15] The Earth's crust from the surface to 25 km (15 mi) down is calculated to contain 1017 kg (2×1017 lb) of uranium while the oceans may contain 1013 kg (2×1013 lb).[9] The concentration of uranium in soil ranges from 0.7 to 11 parts per million (up to 15 parts per million in farmland soil due to use of phosphate fertilizers),[72] and its concentration in sea water is 3 parts per billion.[23]
Uranium is more plentiful than antimony, tin, cadmium, mercury, or silver, and it is about as abundant as arsenic or molybdenum.[10][23] Uranium is found in hundreds of minerals, including uraninite (the most common uranium ore), carnotite, autunite, uranophane, torbernite, and coffinite.[10] Significant concentrations of uranium occur in some substances such as phosphate rock deposits, and minerals such as lignite, and monazite sands in uranium-rich ores[10] (it is recovered commercially from sources with as little as 0.1% uranium[15]).
Some bacteria, such as Shewanella putrefaciens, Geobacter metallireducens and some strains of Burkholderia fungorum, use uranium for their growth and convert U(VI) to U(IV).[73][74] Recent research suggests that this pathway includes reduction of the soluble U(VI) via an intermediate U(V) pentavalent state.[75][76] Other organisms, such as the lichen Trapelia involuta or microorganisms such as the bacterium Citrobacter, can absorb concentrations of uranium that are up to 300 times the level of their environment.[77] Citrobacter species absorb uranyl ions when given glycerol phosphate (or other similar organic phosphates). After one day, one gram of bacteria can encrust themselves with nine grams of uranyl phosphate crystals; this creates the possibility that these organisms could be used in bioremediation to decontaminate uranium-polluted water.[31][78] The proteobacterium Geobacter has also been shown to bioremediate uranium in ground water.[79] The mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices increases uranium content in the roots of its symbiotic plant.[80]
In nature, uranium(VI) forms highly soluble carbonate complexes at alkaline pH. This leads to an increase in mobility and availability of uranium to groundwater and soil from nuclear wastes which leads to health hazards. However, it is difficult to precipitate uranium as phosphate in the presence of excess carbonate at alkaline pH. A Sphingomonas sp. strain BSAR-1 has been found to express a high activity alkaline phosphatase (PhoK) that has been applied for bioprecipitation of uranium as uranyl phosphate species from alkaline solutions. The precipitation ability was enhanced by overexpressing PhoK protein in E. coli.[81]
Plants absorb some uranium from soil. Dry weight concentrations of uranium in plants range from 5 to 60 parts per billion, and ash from burnt wood can have concentrations up to 4 parts per million.[31] Dry weight concentrations of uranium in food plants are typically lower with one to two micrograms per day ingested through the food people eat.[31]
Production and mining Main article: Uranium mining Worldwide production of uranium in 2021 amounted to 48,332 tonnes, of which 21,819 t (45%) was mined in Kazakhstan. Other important urmom mining countries are Namibia (5,753 t), Canada (4,693 t), Australia (4,192 t), Uzbekistan (3,500 t), and Russia (2,635 t).[82]
Uranium ore is mined in several ways: by open pit, underground, in-situ leaching, and borehole mining (see uranium mining).[7] Low-grade uranium ore mined typically contains 0.01 to 0.25% uranium oxides. Extensive measures must be employed to extract the metal from its ore.[83] High-grade ores found in Athabasca Basin deposits in Saskatchewan, Canada can contain up to 23% uranium oxides on average.[84] Uranium ore is crushed and rendered into a fine powder and then leached with either an acid or alkali. The leachate is subjected to one of several sequences of precipitation, solvent extraction, and ion exchange. The resulting mixture, called yellowcake, contains at least 75% uranium oxides U3O8. Yellowcake is then calcined to remove impurities from the milling process before refining and conversion.[85]
Commercial-grade uranium can be produced through the reduction of uranium halides with alkali or alkaline earth metals.[10] Uranium metal can also be prepared through electrolysis of KUF 5 or UF 4, dissolved in molten calcium chloride (CaCl 2) and sodium chloride (NaCl) solution.[10] Very pure uranium is produced through the thermal decomposition of uranium halides on a hot filament.[10]
It is estimated that 6.1 million tonnes of uranium exists in ore reserves that are economically viable at US$130 per kg of uranium,[87] while 35 million tonnes are classed as mineral resources (reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction).[88]
Australia has 28% of the world's known uranium ore reserves[87] and the world's largest single uranium deposit is located at the Olympic Dam Mine in South Australia.[89] There is a significant reserve of uranium in Bakouma, a sub-prefecture in the prefecture of Mbomou in the Central African Republic.[90]
Some uranium also originates from dismantled nuclear weapons.[91] For example, in 1993–2013 Russia supplied the United States with 15,000 tonnes of low-enriched uranium within the Megatons to Megawatts Program.[92]
An additional 4.6 billion tonnes of uranium are estimated to be dissolved in sea water (Japanese scientists in the 1980s showed that extraction of uranium from sea water using ion exchangers was technically feasible).[93][94] There have been experiments to extract uranium from sea water,[95] but the yield has been low due to the carbonate present in the water. In 2012, ORNL researchers announced the successful development of a new absorbent material dubbed HiCap which performs surface retention of solid or gas molecules, atoms or ions and also effectively removes toxic metals from water, according to results verified by researchers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.[96][97]
In 2005, ten countries accounted for the majority of the world's concentrated uranium oxides: Canada (27.9%), Australia (22.8%), Kazakhstan (10.5%), Russia (8.0%), Namibia (7.5%), Niger (7.4%), Uzbekistan (5.5%), the United States (2.5%), Argentina (2.1%) and Ukraine (1.9%).[99] In 2008 Kazakhstan was forecast to increase production and become the world's largest supplier of uranium by 2009.[100][101] The prediction came true, and Kazakhstan does dominate the world's uranium market since 2010. In 2021, its share was 45.1%, followed by Namibia (11.9%), Canada (9.7%), Australia (8.7%), Uzbekistan (7.2%), Niger (4.7%), Russia (5.5%), China (3.9%), India (1.3%), Ukraine (0.9%), and South Africa (0.8%), with a world total production of 48,332 tonnes.[82] Most of uranium was produced not by conventional underground mining of ores (29% of production), but by in situ leaching (66%).[82][102]
In the late 1960s, UN geologists also discovered major uranium deposits and other rare mineral reserves in Somalia. The find was the largest of its kind, with industry experts estimating the deposits at over 25% of the world's then known uranium reserves of 800,000 tons.[103]
The ultimate available supply is believed to be sufficient for at least the next 85 years,[88] although some studies indicate underinvestment in the late twentieth century may produce supply problems in the 21st century.[104] Uranium deposits seem to be log-normal distributed. There is a 300-fold increase in the amount of uranium recoverable for each tenfold decrease in ore grade.[105] In other words, there is little high grade ore and proportionately much more low grade ore available.
Calcined uranium yellowcake, as produced in many large mills, contains a distribution of uranium oxidation species in various forms ranging from most oxidized to least oxidized. Particles with short residence times in a calciner will generally be less oxidized than those with long retention times or particles recovered in the stack scrubber. Uranium content is usually referenced to U 3O 8, which dates to the days of the Manhattan Project when U 3O 8 was used as an analytical chemistry reporting standard.[106]
Phase relationships in the uranium-oxygen system are complex. The most important oxidation states of uranium are uranium(IV) and uranium(VI), and their two corresponding oxides are, respectively, uranium dioxide (UO 2) and uranium trioxide (UO 3).[107] Other uranium oxides such as uranium monoxide (UO), diuranium pentoxide (U 2O 5), and uranium peroxide (UO 4·2H 2O) also exist.
The most common forms of uranium oxide are triuranium octoxide (U 3O 8) and UO 2.[108] Both oxide forms are solids that have low solubility in water and are relatively stable over a wide range of environmental conditions. Triuranium octoxide is (depending on conditions) the most stable compound of uranium and is the form most commonly found in nature. Uranium dioxide is the form in which uranium is most commonly used as a nuclear reactor fuel.[108] At ambient temperatures, UO 2 will gradually convert to U 3O 8. Because of their stability, uranium oxides are generally considered the preferred chemical form for storage or disposal.[108]
Salts of many oxidation states of uranium are water-soluble and may be studied in aqueous solutions. The most common ionic forms are U3+ (brown-red), U4+ (green), UO+ 2 (unstable), and UO2+ 2 (yellow), for U(III), U(IV), U(V), and U(VI), respectively.[109] A few solid and semi-metallic compounds such as UO and US exist for the formal oxidation state uranium(II), but no simple ions are known to exist in solution for that state. Ions of U3+ liberate hydrogen from water and are therefore considered to be highly unstable. The UO2+ 2 ion represents the uranium(VI) state and is known to form compounds such as uranyl carbonate, uranyl chloride and uranyl sulfate. UO2+ 2 also forms complexes with various organic chelating agents, the most commonly encountered of which is uranyl acetate.[109]
Unlike the uranyl salts of uranium and polyatomic ion uranium-oxide cationic forms, the uranates, salts containing a polyatomic uranium-oxide anion, are generally not water-soluble.
Carbonates The interactions of carbonate anions with uranium(VI) cause the Pourbaix diagram to change greatly when the medium is changed from water to a carbonate containing solution. While the vast majority of carbonates are insoluble in water (students are often taught that all carbonates other than those of alkali metals are insoluble in water), uranium carbonates are often soluble in water. This is because a U(VI) cation is able to bind two terminal oxides and three or more carbonates to form anionic complexes.
Effects of pH The uranium fraction diagrams in the presence of carbonate illustrate this further: when the pH of a uranium(VI) solution increases, the uranium is converted to a hydrated uranium oxide hydroxide and at high pHs it becomes an anionic hydroxide complex.
When carbonate is added, uranium is converted to a series of carbonate complexes if the pH is increased. One effect of these reactions is increased solubility of uranium in the pH range 6 to 8, a fact that has a direct bearing on the long term stability of spent uranium dioxide nuclear fuels.
Hydrides, carbides and nitrides Uranium metal heated to 250 to 300 °C (482 to 572 °F) reacts with hydrogen to form uranium hydride. Even higher temperatures will reversibly remove the hydrogen. This property makes uranium hydrides convenient starting materials to create reactive uranium powder along with various uranium carbide, nitride, and halide compounds.[111] Two crystal modifications of uranium hydride exist: an α form that is obtained at low temperatures and a β form that is created when the formation temperature is above 250 °C.[111]
Uranium carbides and uranium nitrides are both relatively inert semimetallic compounds that are minimally soluble in acids, react with water, and can ignite in air to form U 3O 8.[111] Carbides of uranium include uranium monocarbide (UC), uranium dicarbide (UC 2), and diuranium tricarbide (U 2C 3). Both UC and UC 2 are formed by adding carbon to molten uranium or by exposing the metal to carbon monoxide at high temperatures. Stable below 1800 °C, U 2C 3 is prepared by subjecting a heated mixture of UC and UC 2 to mechanical stress.[112] Uranium nitrides obtained by direct exposure of the metal to nitrogen include uranium mononitride (UN), uranium dinitride (UN 2), and diuranium trinitride (U 2N 3).[112]
2023.03.30 06:35 vixiara Has nobody else mentioned the horror that is the Luggyfish entry from Ruined King?
 | submitted by vixiara to loreofleague [link] [comments] |
2023.03.30 06:12 diabolicalZ_ A silly post, because I’m silly
This is going to be embarrassingly funny and (slightly) graphic.
I am semi-vegetarian. Like I eat meat and stuff rarely. But today I decided to make a fried tofu sandwich, because it sounded edible enough for me when I was hungry earlier. I am regretting it already. Nothing I ate was expired or bad, I am careful with expiration dates and food preparation. But I have ibs. And you know what I did? I added cheese and hot sauce. Like a total and utter buffoon, I added cheese and hot sauce to my sandwich. Which both give me terrible bubble guts. Now I had two of these sandwiches, with slaw (which has mayo in it.) I am lactose intolerant. Guess where I am right now?
Cramping! In the restroom! Blowing this bitch up so bad it may as well be named pearl harbor.
Flash back like two months ago and I would be crying and panicking over this. Probably shaking from fear too, thinking I had fp or some shit. Now Im just aware this is the consequences of my terrible culinary choices. This is incredibly inconvenient. But I’m fine, and fine this absolutely hilarious. This is a win for me!!! I don’t connect d* with being s* or v* anymore. A win for me. But not a win for my gut. Ow.
submitted by diabolicalZ_ to emetophobia [link] [comments]
I am semi-vegetarian. Like I eat meat and stuff rarely. But today I decided to make a fried tofu sandwich, because it sounded edible enough for me when I was hungry earlier. I am regretting it already. Nothing I ate was expired or bad, I am careful with expiration dates and food preparation. But I have ibs. And you know what I did? I added cheese and hot sauce. Like a total and utter buffoon, I added cheese and hot sauce to my sandwich. Which both give me terrible bubble guts. Now I had two of these sandwiches, with slaw (which has mayo in it.) I am lactose intolerant. Guess where I am right now?
Cramping! In the restroom! Blowing this bitch up so bad it may as well be named pearl harbor.
Flash back like two months ago and I would be crying and panicking over this. Probably shaking from fear too, thinking I had fp or some shit. Now Im just aware this is the consequences of my terrible culinary choices. This is incredibly inconvenient. But I’m fine, and fine this absolutely hilarious. This is a win for me!!! I don’t connect d* with being s* or v* anymore. A win for me. But not a win for my gut. Ow.
2023.03.30 06:08 cryptic_cookies Is this authentic?
 | Very expensive so I want to make sure it is definitely authentic, any thoughts? I’m not very good at these things. submitted by cryptic_cookies to funkopop [link] [comments] |
2023.03.30 06:01 13Luthien4077 Mental Breakdown Produces Metaphor
I am exhausted, depressed, and mentally broken beyond repair due to the state of this field. Not gonna rant about it, just in my semi-delusional state try to pose the best metaphor I can. I teach English mostly. Lemme cope.
So the field of education is like a closed off room, and everyone in there is eating baked beans and hot sauce. This particular room has no windows or ventilation system to keep the air moving. The longer people are in this room, the more people are eating. The more beans they consume, the more hot "air" they produce. Sure, veterans of this room have a point that some things simply do need to be endured because no matter how unpleasant those things are, ultimately they won't hurt you. It is true, everyone has to pass certain byproducts of digestion, it is natural, and a little methane and hydrogen sulfide never hurt anyone. However, when many veterans came in, people were eating a bite or two of the Vietnam Special and that was all. Now certain people in the room are eating 2-3 plates full of baked beans and hot sauce, causing them to fart constantly and uncontrollably, making the air in the room more hydrogen sulfide than oxygen.
At some point, we have to recognize that the people in our field who are the most full of hot air are the ones making our field too toxic to survive in.
submitted by 13Luthien4077 to Teachers [link] [comments]
So the field of education is like a closed off room, and everyone in there is eating baked beans and hot sauce. This particular room has no windows or ventilation system to keep the air moving. The longer people are in this room, the more people are eating. The more beans they consume, the more hot "air" they produce. Sure, veterans of this room have a point that some things simply do need to be endured because no matter how unpleasant those things are, ultimately they won't hurt you. It is true, everyone has to pass certain byproducts of digestion, it is natural, and a little methane and hydrogen sulfide never hurt anyone. However, when many veterans came in, people were eating a bite or two of the Vietnam Special and that was all. Now certain people in the room are eating 2-3 plates full of baked beans and hot sauce, causing them to fart constantly and uncontrollably, making the air in the room more hydrogen sulfide than oxygen.
At some point, we have to recognize that the people in our field who are the most full of hot air are the ones making our field too toxic to survive in.
2023.03.30 05:45 MrsLSwan Baths
I just commented on a post about baths and then thought, surely there is a subreddit for people like me who are obsessed with baths! There isn’t! I know it’s not just me because my BFF is also a bath freak - there are others like us I know!
I consider it a huge part of my beauty routine, and over the years I’ve really honed it in to have the best bath experience possible. See, where I think people go wrong is trying to make a bath super fancy all at once. Then it seems like a lot of work - clean the tub, light candles etc.
So my bath tips (knowing that I’m privileged to have my own bath and that not everyone does - but I’ve put my time in with some pretty small tubs, I swear!)
Anyone else? Any bath secrets to share?!! Tell me everything!
submitted by MrsLSwan to beauty [link] [comments]
I consider it a huge part of my beauty routine, and over the years I’ve really honed it in to have the best bath experience possible. See, where I think people go wrong is trying to make a bath super fancy all at once. Then it seems like a lot of work - clean the tub, light candles etc.
So my bath tips (knowing that I’m privileged to have my own bath and that not everyone does - but I’ve put my time in with some pretty small tubs, I swear!)
- If at all possible, have a dedicated bath. Our shower is separate, so basically my husband uses the shower and I get the bath. This means that I don’t have to clean it before using it and I can leave my stuff out.
- Battery candles! Harsh overhead lighting sucks, but so does lighting candles and cleaning up candle mess. Battery operated candles are the perfect solution, I use the remote to turn them off and on. Also I have a battery operated lamp if I want to read.
- Which leads me to: activity of choice. I’m in the bath right now! Posting here. Sometimes I watch a show. Sometimes I read. Whatever I want to do that I find relaxing.
- Also, I don’t put stuff in my bath every night. Some nights it’s just hot water, most nights it’s Epsom salt and if I’m feeling fancy some oils. When I’m really fancy I’ll add expensive bath stuff that I hoard from Christmas gifts and birthday gifts.
- This is where I start my skincare. I double cleanse and sometimes mask in the bath. Much easier than splashing around in the sink. I use tepid water from the faucet tho so that I don’t put hot water on my face.
- Products! I dry brush, I use black soap, use my tooth whitening strips, hair mask etc. I’m a big bar soap fan so I have a collection of those. Whatever makes you happy.
- Beverage! Some people like wine but I’m an ice water girl.
Anyone else? Any bath secrets to share?!! Tell me everything!
2023.03.30 05:33 bigmacher1980 In $600, out $985 ($500 hidden in pic behind $100 chip) - Park MGM
Squeeze play as demonstrated and shout out to Alex at Casino Quest. $110 inside. Two hits and $66 inside. Press 6/8 and collect. One guy hadn’t played before and of course he was the hot shooter.
submitted by bigmacher1980 to Craps [link] [comments]
2023.03.30 05:31 Lilyy_Lilyy Has Anyone Been Getting A lot of Dumb Orders Lately
It’s like someone is just trolling my store we get a lot of orders like coming in like this
Blended Strawberry Lemonade No Lemonade
Or Blonde Vanilla Latte No Vanilla Signature
Or Hot Chocolate Single
Or Iced Quad Espresso Double
Or Vanilla Sweet Cream Cold Brew No Vanilla Sweet Cream Add Chocolate Cold Foam
And then today we got this drink that I thought was gross it was a
Grande Hot Caramel Macchiato Triple No Foam Extra Hot Whole Milk 5 pumps Dark Caramel Sauce 5 pumps Caramel Syrup Extra Caramel Drizzle Vanilla Sweet Cream Cold Foam
“Diabetus Deletus” ⬆️
submitted by Lilyy_Lilyy to starbucks [link] [comments]
Blended Strawberry Lemonade No Lemonade
Or Blonde Vanilla Latte No Vanilla Signature
Or Hot Chocolate Single
Or Iced Quad Espresso Double
Or Vanilla Sweet Cream Cold Brew No Vanilla Sweet Cream Add Chocolate Cold Foam
And then today we got this drink that I thought was gross it was a
Grande Hot Caramel Macchiato Triple No Foam Extra Hot Whole Milk 5 pumps Dark Caramel Sauce 5 pumps Caramel Syrup Extra Caramel Drizzle Vanilla Sweet Cream Cold Foam
“Diabetus Deletus” ⬆️
2023.03.30 05:27 PM_ME_UR_UGLY_SELFI Arkham games ranked
 | submitted by PM_ME_UR_UGLY_SELFI to BatmanArkham [link] [comments] |
2023.03.30 05:26 X3N0D3ATH Smashables in Rally Expansion
Unsure if spoiler tag applies as I think everyone knows how horizon has smashable collectibles.
Alright then I'm running into an issues where in Rally Adventure only the Apex boards are showing up on the map. I can only find the others by personally driving around and keeping my eyes open? Feature? Bug? I do know if not added to the map it's going to be tedious and extremely time consuming. The Tank balloons were on the map in Hot wheels.
I do have the treasure map if that makes a difference (I work and only have so much time to put into the game. Wanna streamline things.)
submitted by X3N0D3ATH to ForzaHorizon [link] [comments]
Alright then I'm running into an issues where in Rally Adventure only the Apex boards are showing up on the map. I can only find the others by personally driving around and keeping my eyes open? Feature? Bug? I do know if not added to the map it's going to be tedious and extremely time consuming. The Tank balloons were on the map in Hot wheels.
I do have the treasure map if that makes a difference (I work and only have so much time to put into the game. Wanna streamline things.)
2023.03.30 05:14 DTrain13 [USA] [H] NES, GBA, DS, Gamecube, Genesis, Sega CD, Dreamcast, PS1, PS2, PSP, Manuals, Cover Art, Controllers, Board Games, and more [W] List Inside
This is most of the things I'm looking for:
https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1-n0nVkLjNcHc5uxRqmgGfodGTADg3YMUrHk8JYlJzJU/edit?usp=sharing
Super Mario Bros.
Metroid Zero Mission (Not For Resale)
Animal Crossing (no manual; has memory card)
Cubivore (CIB)
Interactive Multi-Game Demo Disc Version 9 (Sealed)
Interactive Multi-Game Demo Disc Version 12 (Sealed)
Interactive Multi-Game Demo Disc Version 13 (Disc Only)
Interactive Multi-Game Demo Disc Version 14 (Box Only)
XIII (CIB)
Suikoden II (disc only)
Arc the Lad: Twilight of the Spirits (CIB)
Backyard Football (CIB)
Backyard Wrestling 2 (CIB)
Gran Turismo 3 (CIB, Greatest Hits)
Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas (CIB)
Hot Shot Golf Fore (CIB)
Innocent Life (CIB)
Kingdom Hearts (CIB, Greatest Hits)
LEGO Star Wars (CIB; Greatest Hits)
Madden 2005 (CIB)
Myst III (CIB)
Pirates: Legend of the Black Buccaneer (CIB)
Shepherd's Crossing (CIB)
Wild Arms: Alter Code F (missing the bonus anime disc)
Xenosaga 1,2,3 (all CIB)
Castlevania Dracula X Chronicles (CIB)
Dissidia Final Fantasy (CIB)
Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories (Greatest Hits; Sealed)
Puzzle Quest: Challenge of the Warlords (CIB)
Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories (CIB)
Killzone Liberation (CIB)
Untold Legends: Brotherhood of the Blade (CIB)
Lumines (CIB)
Twisted Metal: Head-On (CIB)
Green Day Rock Band (CIB)
Halo ODST (CIB)
Resident Evil 6 (CIB)
Atari WICO Command Control
NES Light Zapper - gray and orange
NES Quickshot QS-112 controller x4
NES Quickshot QS-126 controller x2
NES Quickshot QS-128N controller x2
NES Quickshot QS-130NL "Python 2" controller
NES Satellite with sensor
NES Zinger controller
Captain Skyhawk (NES) - manual only (some wear)
Culdcept (PS2) - manual only
Dark Cloud 2 (PS2) - manual only
Donkey Kong Country (GBA) - manual only (tear on the back)
Dragonball Z: Budokai 3 - cover art and manual only
Front Mission 4 (PS2) - cover art and manual only
Gex (PS1; jewel case version) - manual and rear art only
Grand Theft Auto III (PS2) - cover art and manual only
Harvest Moon DS (Nintendo DS) - manual only
Harvest Moon DS: Island of Happiness (Nintendo DS) - manual only
Harvest Moon DS: The Tale of Two Towns (Nintendo DS - manual only
IGPX: Immortal Grand Prix (PS2) - cover art and manual only
La Pucelle Tactics (PS2) - cover art and manual only; cover art wrinkly/damaged
Lord of the Rings Vol. 1 (SNES) manual only
Mega Man: Network Transmission (Gamecube) - cover art and manual only
Mega Man X5 (PS1) - rear art only
Need For Speed: Underground (PS2) - cover art only; some wear
NES (console) - manual only
NES Advantage - manual only
NES Light Zapper - manual only (gray and orange)
Pokemon Trading Card Game (Game Boy Color) - manual only
Resident Evil 2 (PS1) - Greatest Hits Rear Art only
Resident Evil: Revelations (Nintendo 3DS) - cover art and manual only
RPG Maker II (PS2) - cover art and manual only
SNES (console) - manual only
Soul Reaver 2 (PS2) - cover art only
Spyro: Ripto's Rage (PS1, black label) - manual and rear art only
Starfox Adventures (Gamecube; black label) - cover art and manual only
Star Wars: Battlefront II (PS2) - cover art only; some wear
Super Mario 64 DS (Nintendo DS) - manual only
Super Mario Bros./Duck Hunt (NES) - manual only x2
Super Mario Bros. 2 (NES) - manual only x2
Super Mario Strikers (Gamecube; black label) - cover art only
Super Mario Sunshine (Gamecube; black label) - cover art only; very worn/creased/stained
Trigger Man (PS2) - cover art and manual only
X-Files: Resist or Serve (PS2) - cover art and manual only
Xenosaga II (PS2) - manual only
Zelda: Link to the Past/Four Swords (GBA) - Manual only
PS1 - regular and "audiophile"
PS2 fat
XBox original
Archipelago + War & Peace expansion
Castles of Mad King Ludwig + Secrets expansion
Cranium
Eclipse + Ship Pack One, Rise of the Ancients, Shadows of the Rift, Black Hole, Nebula, Pulsar, Supernova, Broken Token insert
Gaia Project
King's Dilemma (few of the prologue scenarios played)
Mice & Mystics + Downwood Tales expansion
Paranormal Detectives
Puerto Rico
Roll for the Galaxy + Ambition, Rivalry, promo tiles
Saboteur + Saboteur 2 + promo
Secret Hitler (policy cards are in back-shielded sleeves because a couple were coming apart and were thus distinguishable from the rest)
Silver + Silver Bullet
Terraforming Mars: Ares Expedition (Kickstarter version w/playmat)
Wavelength
submitted by DTrain13 to gameswap [link] [comments]
https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1-n0nVkLjNcHc5uxRqmgGfodGTADg3YMUrHk8JYlJzJU/edit?usp=sharing
HAVE:
NES
HydlideSuper Mario Bros.
Game Boy Advance (all loose carts)
Castlevania Aria of SorrowMetroid Zero Mission (Not For Resale)
Gamecube
Alien Hominid (CIB)Animal Crossing (no manual; has memory card)
Cubivore (CIB)
Interactive Multi-Game Demo Disc Version 9 (Sealed)
Interactive Multi-Game Demo Disc Version 12 (Sealed)
Interactive Multi-Game Demo Disc Version 13 (Disc Only)
Interactive Multi-Game Demo Disc Version 14 (Box Only)
XIII (CIB)
Nintendo DS
Super Princess Peach (CIB)Wii
Animal Crossing City Folk (disc and manual only; has cover art, but it's messed up)Sega Genesis
Grind Stormer (CIB)Sega CD
Final Fight CD (CIB)PS1
Raystorm (disc only)Suikoden II (disc only)
PS2
Adventures of Darwin (CIB)Arc the Lad: Twilight of the Spirits (CIB)
Backyard Football (CIB)
Backyard Wrestling 2 (CIB)
Gran Turismo 3 (CIB, Greatest Hits)
Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas (CIB)
Hot Shot Golf Fore (CIB)
Innocent Life (CIB)
Kingdom Hearts (CIB, Greatest Hits)
LEGO Star Wars (CIB; Greatest Hits)
Madden 2005 (CIB)
Myst III (CIB)
Pirates: Legend of the Black Buccaneer (CIB)
Shepherd's Crossing (CIB)
Wild Arms: Alter Code F (missing the bonus anime disc)
Xenosaga 1,2,3 (all CIB)
PSP
Capcom Classics Collection Remixed (CIB)Castlevania Dracula X Chronicles (CIB)
Dissidia Final Fantasy (CIB)
Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories (Greatest Hits; Sealed)
Puzzle Quest: Challenge of the Warlords (CIB)
Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories (CIB)
Killzone Liberation (CIB)
Untold Legends: Brotherhood of the Blade (CIB)
Lumines (CIB)
Twisted Metal: Head-On (CIB)
Xbox 360
F.E.A.R. Files (CIB)Green Day Rock Band (CIB)
Halo ODST (CIB)
Resident Evil 6 (CIB)
Controllers
Atari Driving controllerAtari WICO Command Control
NES Light Zapper - gray and orange
NES Quickshot QS-112 controller x4
NES Quickshot QS-126 controller x2
NES Quickshot QS-128N controller x2
NES Quickshot QS-130NL "Python 2" controller
NES Satellite with sensor
NES Zinger controller
Manuals/Art
Atari 2600 manuals (too many to list; ask for any you need)Captain Skyhawk (NES) - manual only (some wear)
Culdcept (PS2) - manual only
Dark Cloud 2 (PS2) - manual only
Donkey Kong Country (GBA) - manual only (tear on the back)
Dragonball Z: Budokai 3 - cover art and manual only
Front Mission 4 (PS2) - cover art and manual only
Gex (PS1; jewel case version) - manual and rear art only
Grand Theft Auto III (PS2) - cover art and manual only
Harvest Moon DS (Nintendo DS) - manual only
Harvest Moon DS: Island of Happiness (Nintendo DS) - manual only
Harvest Moon DS: The Tale of Two Towns (Nintendo DS - manual only
IGPX: Immortal Grand Prix (PS2) - cover art and manual only
La Pucelle Tactics (PS2) - cover art and manual only; cover art wrinkly/damaged
Lord of the Rings Vol. 1 (SNES) manual only
Mega Man: Network Transmission (Gamecube) - cover art and manual only
Mega Man X5 (PS1) - rear art only
Need For Speed: Underground (PS2) - cover art only; some wear
NES (console) - manual only
NES Advantage - manual only
NES Light Zapper - manual only (gray and orange)
Pokemon Trading Card Game (Game Boy Color) - manual only
Resident Evil 2 (PS1) - Greatest Hits Rear Art only
Resident Evil: Revelations (Nintendo 3DS) - cover art and manual only
RPG Maker II (PS2) - cover art and manual only
SNES (console) - manual only
Soul Reaver 2 (PS2) - cover art only
Spyro: Ripto's Rage (PS1, black label) - manual and rear art only
Starfox Adventures (Gamecube; black label) - cover art and manual only
Star Wars: Battlefront II (PS2) - cover art only; some wear
Super Mario 64 DS (Nintendo DS) - manual only
Super Mario Bros./Duck Hunt (NES) - manual only x2
Super Mario Bros. 2 (NES) - manual only x2
Super Mario Strikers (Gamecube; black label) - cover art only
Super Mario Sunshine (Gamecube; black label) - cover art only; very worn/creased/stained
Trigger Man (PS2) - cover art and manual only
X-Files: Resist or Serve (PS2) - cover art and manual only
Xenosaga II (PS2) - manual only
Zelda: Link to the Past/Four Swords (GBA) - Manual only
Consoles
Gamecube - Indigo, doesn't read discsPS1 - regular and "audiophile"
PS2 fat
XBox original
Board Games
7 Wonders + Armada, Babel, Cities, Cities Anniversary pack, Leaders, Leaders Anniversary pack, Wonders PackArchipelago + War & Peace expansion
Castles of Mad King Ludwig + Secrets expansion
Cranium
Eclipse + Ship Pack One, Rise of the Ancients, Shadows of the Rift, Black Hole, Nebula, Pulsar, Supernova, Broken Token insert
Gaia Project
King's Dilemma (few of the prologue scenarios played)
Mice & Mystics + Downwood Tales expansion
Paranormal Detectives
Puerto Rico
Roll for the Galaxy + Ambition, Rivalry, promo tiles
Saboteur + Saboteur 2 + promo
Secret Hitler (policy cards are in back-shielded sleeves because a couple were coming apart and were thus distinguishable from the rest)
Silver + Silver Bullet
Terraforming Mars: Ares Expedition (Kickstarter version w/playmat)
Wavelength
2023.03.30 05:08 Sdeepurpedic-Avril SDEEPURPEDIC Pillows will be your best choice
 | When it comes to getting a healthy night's sleep, having the cool pillow can make all the difference. That's why many people turn to SDEEPURPEDIC pillows for their sleep needs. SDEEPURPEDIC is a brand known for its high-quality, supportive, and comfortable pillows. Let's take a closer look at what makes these pillows so popular. submitted by Sdeepurpedic-Avril to u/Sdeepurpedic-Avril [link] [comments] https://preview.redd.it/uursiru2msqa1.jpg?width=400&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=50b345fb7db783354d173bf6f392cdb2b7e6f127 SDEEPURPEDIC pillows are known for their innovative design that provides both support and comfort. These pillows are made from a variety of materials, including memory foam, gel-infused foam, and etc. Each type of material offers unique benefits, such as cooling properties or hypoallergenic properties, so you can find the perfect pillow to suit your needs. One of the most popular types of sleep pillows is the memory foam pillow. This type of pillow is designed to contour to the shape of your head and neck, providing support where you need it most. Memory foam pillows are also known for their ability to reduce pressure points, which can lead to a more restful sleep. Another popular type of SDEEPURPEDIC pillow is the gel-infused foam pillow. These pillows are designed to provide a cool and comfortable sleeping surface. The gel-infused foam helps to dissipate heat, which can be especially beneficial for people who tend to sleep hot. The cooling properties of these pillows can help you stay comfortable throughout the night, leading to a better night's sleep. https://preview.redd.it/597gogy5msqa1.jpg?width=679&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=836e3d113962a928628c1ddeefcc03c5722bdef2 SDEEPURPEDIC also offers a range of cute pillows that are perfect for adding a touch of style to your bedroom. These pillows come in a variety of colors and patterns, so you can choose the perfect pillow to match your decor. Whether you're looking for a pop of color or a subtle accent, SDEEPURPEDIC has a cute pillow to suit your style. In addition to their innovative design and cute styles, SDEEPURPEDIC pillows are also known for their quality. These pillows are made from high-quality materials that are built to last. When you invest in a SDEEPURPEDIC pillow, you can be confident that you're getting a product that will provide years of comfortable and restful sleep. If you're in the market for a new pillow, now is a great time to check out SDEEPURPEDIC pillows on sale. Many retailers offer discounts on these pillows throughout the year, so you can find a great deal on the perfect pillow for you. Shopping for pillows on sale can help you save money without sacrificing quality, so you can get the best pillow for your needs at a price you can afford. But what makes SDEEPURPEDIC pillows the best pillows on the market? First, it's the quality of the materials used. The memory foam and gel-infused foam used in these pillows are of the highest quality, ensuring that your pillow will remain supportive and comfortable for years to come. Second, it's the innovative design of these pillows. SDEEPURPEDIC has worked hard to create pillows that provide the right level of support for your head and neck, while still feeling soft and comfortable. Finally, it's the range of options available. Whether you're looking for a memory foam pillow, a gel-infused foam pillow, SDEEPURPEDIC has something to suit your needs. So why should you choose SDEEPURPEDIC over other pillow brands? The answer is simple: SDEEPURPEDIC provides the best combination of quality, comfort, and innovation. With a SDEEPURPEDIC pillow, you can be sure that you're getting a product that will help you get a better night's sleep. In conclusion, SDEEPURPEDIC pillows are some of the best. |
2023.03.30 04:33 mynameisnotsparta Sauces for flavor
 | submitted by mynameisnotsparta to CICO [link] [comments] |
2023.03.30 04:19 Utheh Best Deli Sandwich Pairings
What are your go-to deli meat/cheese combos? Here’s my list but I want to start mixing things up with your suggestions.
Ham - Swiss
Turkey - Cheddar (cold), Gouda (hot)
Roast Beef - Swiss (cold), American (hot)
Chicken - Cheddar (cold), Provolone (hot), Blue Cheese (with Buffalo Sauce)
Salami - Mozzarella
submitted by Utheh to Cooking [link] [comments]
Ham - Swiss
Turkey - Cheddar (cold), Gouda (hot)
Roast Beef - Swiss (cold), American (hot)
Chicken - Cheddar (cold), Provolone (hot), Blue Cheese (with Buffalo Sauce)
Salami - Mozzarella
2023.03.30 04:12 the_Fat_SLakR This was at the dollar store, gonna try it!
 | I hope I don’t mess my britches!!! submitted by the_Fat_SLakR to spicy [link] [comments] |