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The principle of sameness and struggle of contradiction applies to almost all offensive and defensive confrontations.
In the last issue, we published How to ensure the uniqueness of device fingerprints when hardware attributes are no longer used as the identifier of device fingerprints". In the article, we introduced the evolution of hardware ID as the basic attribute of device fingerprint - that is, when hardware attribute is no longer used as the unique attribute of device fingerprint, in order to ensure the uniqueness of device fingerprint needs to add more identification criteria and dynamic variable algorithm based on hardware ID, in fact, this is a typical example of attack and defense confrontation .
Let's take another example. For example, in the offensive and defensive confrontation of device fingerprinting, the black and gray industry must "disguise" itself in order to bypass the device fingerprint to carry out attacks. At this point, there are two main ideas for bypassing the black and gray industry.

1. How to turn a device into multiple devices.

For example, in a swipe scenario, making the app repeatedly think it is a new phone and thus repeatedly receiving the newcomer bonus.

1. How to turn a device into another device.

For example, in an authentication scenario, the attacker's phone is spoofed to the victim's phone, allowing the app to log into the victim's account and steal funds, user information, etc.
But there is a spear, there is a shield, black and gray industry bypass ideas naturally can not escape the "eyes" of security researchers.
Today, we will talk about the idea of offensive and defensive confrontation with the theme of Hook.
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A first look at Hook technology
First, a brief introduction to Hook technology.
Hook technology is a technology widely used in computer offensive and defensive confrontation. It can monitor various event messages in the system or process and intercept messages sent to the target window for processing.
We can simply compare the person using Hook technology to an angler, and Hook technology is like his fishing gear, the events constantly passed in the system is like a swimming fish, the angler through Hook technology will catch the target events he wants (Hook technology is generally directional), then you can modify the events, and then let it run normally, to achieve the purpose of the technical staff. technology is often used in hotfixes online, API hijacking, software cracking and other technical operations.
For example, we commonly use mouse and keyboard, if your computer is Hooked, then it also means that any operation you do is in the hands of the other party.
Hook technology is not only applicable to x86 systems, but also to mobile platform systems based on simple instruction sets, such as cell phones and other devices. Among them, Hook technology for mobile devices mainly focuses on cell phones.
For Android Hook framework, there are three main categories, one is for Native layer, i.e. system layer Hook framework, using PLT/GOT Hook or inline-Hook framework, such as bhook, xhook, yahfa, etc., one is for Java layer Hook framework, such as Xposed, and one is more special Hook framework - Frida, which is designed for the full platform Hook framework for x86 \ x86_64 \ arm \ arm64 architecture of the system, Hook on the iOS side of the main technical implementation through the Frida framework, and Frida in Hook technology implementation on Android also has a lot of audience, but mainly still Xposed class framework, the main reason is that Xposed on Andorid stability is better, and features are easier to hide.
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https://preview.redd.it/3lfvltaij8pa1.png?width=706&format=png&auto=webp&s=238fcb90d86f9dc75fbf68e196a892a65268cc22
Next, we'll talk about how to use Hook for offensive and defensive confrontation with Xposed and two other Hook frameworks (Edxposed and Lsposed) that iterate on Xposed as the core.
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https://preview.redd.it/sfwi643nj8pa1.png?width=463&format=png&auto=webp&s=82c9de51b0c034e77aac994b2f483751ca2ff0b4
How to do an attack without knowing its attack - how to do an attack with Hook technology?
With the iterative update of Android version, Xposed framework also iterated with the new Hook framework.
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https://preview.redd.it/5ogd4j3qj8pa1.png?width=681&format=png&auto=webp&s=ae612af312bada9f29011718aec2f354a9a72b96
At present, the main Hook framework for the Android platform is based on Lsposed, we will use Lsposed to Hook Android applications to see how to use Hook to attack.
First, the normal use of Lsposed requires several pre-requisites.

• A phone capable of unlocking BootLoaderLock.
• Prepare the boot.img of your own phone system.
• Preparing the Lsposed module installation package with the Magisk installation package.
• A computer with ADB tools installed.

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https://preview.redd.it/94jchrzvj8pa1.png?width=385&format=png&auto=webp&s=4e2bcb1549d361df079a4af24008716abd689f9f
After the above conditions are prepared, you are ready to install and use Lsposed.
Once the installation is complete, we can use Hook to carry out the attack.
The specific process is as follows.
1. Decompile and analyze the target app.
To get the fish on the hook you have to know the properties of the fish. So the first step to successfully install Hook is to decompile and analyze the target app. Here we use jadx-gui to decompile and analyze the app.
actf decompile
Using jadx-gui we can see the decompiled source code. As shown in the figure below, by decompiling the app we arrive at the action it wants to pass the Flag, but note that this information is an uncertain value and we need to verify it further.
​
actf run results
As you can see from the verification, no matter how many times you click the button, it will only show "Do you really believe in flags when you click?". This message. So, the next step is to take control of our own "catching" process.
2、Write code plug-ins to attack the "weakness" of the target app
At this point, we need to write a Hook plugin, modify some of its parameters, and then you can directly obtain its already calculated MD5 value (MD5 is an encryption algorithm. Also known as: irreversible encryption algorithm. The MD5 value is the password of any file after encryption of the plaintext password, also known as "digital fingerprint", anyone who has made any changes to the file, its MD5 value is the corresponding "digital fingerprint" will change. (Any changes made to the file will result in a change in the MD5 value, the corresponding "digital fingerprint".) What is it.
First we can use Android Studio or Idea with the Android plugin already installed, open a new project and select a project without an interface:.
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New hook project
Note that when writing Xposed Hook modules, in order to be recognized by the Xposed framework, you need to create a file called xposed_init in your project's assets directory (if you don't have one, you can just create a new assets directory) and with the following contents for your package
name + your main class name.
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Package name and main class name
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xposed_init configuration
Next, open the AndroidManifest.XML file and fill it with the following content.
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AndroidManifest.xml project location
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AndroidManifest.xml configuration
After configuring AndroidManifest.xml, we can start writing Xposed Hook module. The details are as shown in the figure.
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The location of build.gradle in the project
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build.gradle configuration
In Xposed, there are two methods of Hook, one is before and the other is after, and the principle of its implementation is realized by the slot of art, which can add two slots before and after the originally called method, and then go to execute our hook, which can be understood figuratively as the following figure.
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Changes in method calls before and after Hook
As we can see from the figure, the target App is mainly composed of two parts, the first is the MainActivity main class, and there are two methods in the class, one is the onCreate method, which is a method of MainActivity initialization, and the second is the getFlag method, this method is also our target, by Hooking this method, we can Through this method, we can know what the MD5 value representing the flag is.
Our idea is to Hook the getFlag method first. Assuming we Hook the getFlag method, we are naturally most concerned about the incoming string value, and the specific Xposed module code is as follows.
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Hook module code
In this way we can get the MD5 value we want, and then modify the parameters to achieve control of the app.
https://preview.redd.it/zy8t1jmal8pa1.png?width=463&format=png&auto=webp&s=acb1378e25b8287c5a334a5a45bcf4dc1f8f4ef5
How to fight Hook attacks?
As the saying goes, if there is a spear, there is a shield. In response to Hook's attack, a defense has also been derived.
Since Xposed will call a specific ClassLoader when Hooking, then it is possible to detect the Xposed framework by loading the ClassLoader again, for example as follows.
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Find ClassLoader
1、Use the system API getInstancesOfClassesMethod to get the ClassLoader, through this way can only get once CL, we can traverse the Classloader used within the App.

1. After traversing all CLs, we can detect its Hook by its member cache (target Hook method cache).

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Get the members of the Hook
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Hook members
This detection method relies on the VMDebug.getInstancesOfClassesMethod() function provided by Android system, which only exists on Android 9-11, limiting the application of the solution. Moreover, as a counter-detection method, this key function can also be hooked by Xposed, and you only need to control the return of this function to complete the counter-detection.
In addition to the ClassLoader way to fight against Xposed Hook, there are other kinds of more traditional countermeasures, but they all have corresponding countermeasures, and the top image product has a unique countermeasure, and additional anti-detection and countermeasure technology, which can more accurately identify Hook risks.
Of course, at a deeper level, we can also use Hook technology to bring traditional Web attack techniques to the mobile side, and conduct offensive and defensive exercises in the mobile side to complement the skill tree as a red team, as well as against Hook technology and attackers to safeguard their own App security.
Overall, the offensive and defensive confrontation is a protracted war, requiring the continued efforts of security vendors.
In terms of offensive and defensive confrontation, based on years of technical accumulation, Top Elephant has achieved comprehensive security protection for Android, iOS, H5 and applets, effectively defending against debugging, injection, multiple opening, memory Dump, emulator, secondary packaging and log leakage and other attack threats. The unique "honeypot" function protects 16 kinds of data and files of Android, provides 7 kinds of encryption forms, and takes the lead in supporting source code free reinforcement for iOS.

I'm currently rank 14, there's only four days left of DC, and I don't care to go beyond rank 15 unless I'm exceptionally lucky. Still, I wanna get at least another 20 duels in to cap out my mission rewards, but no freakin' way I'm dueling 20 times. Inspired by a reddit post I saw a few days ago, I decided to change my name to "freewin4u" and give out free wins lol.
I'm typing out this reddit post and doing some work as I speak, while playing out the duels on a second screen. I just pass when it's my turn and switch my card activations off until the game is over. It's still annoying that people are taking forever to build their combos, but at least I'm more amused than anything when I look back at my duel screen a couple of minutes later and they still haven't entered their battle phase.
...Is what I was planning to do for at least 6 or 7 games, but on my 4th game, a dark magician player couldn't OTK me on turn 3 (even though I passed my turn 2 without doing anything), I passed my turn 4 without doing anything, went to the washroom and came back only to see that the player surrendered on turn 5 :(((
(But not before going for game with their 0 atk magician's soul, which I discovered upon watching the replay to figure out what on earth had happened)
Now that I'm one win away from advancing to rank 15, I have no choice but to stop giving away free wins :(
Who is lowtierdonnn and why did you ruin my plans!??
Freewin4u
Whyyyyyy did you surrender :(
Magicians' Souls' valiant last stand

What's this guy on

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https://preview.redd.it/yo7ms1f8i6pa1.jpg?width=1193&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=202a114398fc493a2ffbd0a52a0b3a4747a915b0
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Learn and master the psychology of why people share things online, and how you can leverage that to pay off for your business!
MODULE 3
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Learn about the types of campaigns that are proven to work. We’ll also cover the various types of promotional campaigns, including contests and giveaways, and determining which will work best for you.
You’ll also learn the mechanics of elements like landing and share pages that will ensure your campaigns will succeed!
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We’ll cover the most innovative ways to generate that initial surge of traffic needed to get your viral campaigns to truly take off.
No rehashed, old-school traffic generation stuff. You’ll learn only new, cutting-edge traffic generation strategies that you can apply to launch successful campaigns as well as to your existing sites!
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We cover how to continuously test and improve your campaigns to achieve better success rates, and earn higher profits.
Optimization and testing is absolutely crucial to achieving the maximum success possible. We’ll discuss why it’s critically important that you do it consistently, and why not doing so can cost you!
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You will be able to apply what you learn from them to improve and ensure success in your own campaigns.

"By Solar flame and Lunar light
Bring us war and kill the night
Away from Halann, the stars are in sight
Purge all worlds, for our birthright"
- High Executioner Lithiel upon learning of the destruction of the Tal'Akkuran High Kingdom
It has been 53 years since the first Aelnari vessels set off to the stars. The Celestial Ascendancy of Aelnar struck out into the space, no longer afflicted with the ever-troublesome Astral Terror that had plunged numerous attempts into ruin. It's ships cutting through the darkness, a mix of blue and teal that soon would herald their arrival to the galaxy.
At first, they were simply in search of ancient precursor ruins, seeking to uncover their ancient past and potentially uncover lost secrets to continue their research, but soon, a lone vessel appeared as they surveyed a nearby system, and the fate of the galaxy would change forever. The Aelnari had encountered the Tal'Akkur, an anthropoid species who were as xenophobic as they were. They however, were not prepared for what was to occur.
https://preview.redd.it/p09qi31vf8pa1.jpg?width=420&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=f9dcac10b2b170a788f87826ba08ea8d2b7a3ec6
High Executioner Lithiel ordered the immediate engagement of the vessel, and a fleet of newly constructed ships set out in search of any alien worlds. The battles were short, the end was bloody. In the end, all that was left was the broken carapices of millions of Tal'Akkur, desperate to save their last world. Upon the conquest of their homeworld, a policy of forced labour was enacted, and millions of Star Elves were moved both to oversee and claim these new worlds.
The conditions were brutal, Millions of Tal'Akkur were forced to mine and farm on what was once their homeworld. Begging for food and basic needs, they were given none. Any revolt was swiftly and brutally put down. For Aelnar, doing this was neither a necessity, nor a mercy. It was the fate of all who would stand in their way, to be used until for as long as they were to live, and to be discarded as a figment of the past once they had all perished, never to be remembered again.
Another empire would share the Tal'Akkur's fate, the Sacrosanct Juvan Order, a xenophilic free haven, structured by a priesthood stalwart in their spirituality, heard rumors of what had happened, and had even been given ample time to prepare since the Aelnari forces were far from the border, but still, they did nothing to stop Aelnar. Perhaps they were overeager in their own defences, perhaps they underestimated the "evil xenos," but in the end their homeworld was endlessly bombarded, their cities overrun, and they too were forced to work in the lands they once called their home.
https://preview.redd.it/y59tf174g8pa1.jpg?width=409&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=07b98224d770b69f681edba94257918b25ca24f4
Then the third empire fell, the Birnathian Alignment, an authoritatian technocratic dictatorship, who perhaps would have been ready to face the Aelnari threat, had they not been preoccupied greedily mining their systems of resources, and instead building their fleet to match the Aelnari. Again in history an empire had been presented with an opportunity to prepare, and again they refused to take it. Their worlds provided a source of immense mineral wealth to the Ascendancy, and just as the Tal'Akkur and the Juvans, they too would be forced to work until they died, and their species would be purged from the galaxy.
​
https://preview.redd.it/g916mkl2k8pa1.jpg?width=405&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=bf43ad841d6c13987e6ea02f2c71de3798646127
Three bloody corpses of three defeated empires lay under Aelnar's feet, and soon a fourth would join them.
The Noranian Galactic Confederacy was the latest of their conquests, a militant empire, they would prove to be the toughest challenge for the Ascendancy. Their hit and run tactics strained the Aelnari forces, their stalwart defences halted the invasions for years, and their sheer tenacity proved a headache for the Ascendancy's leading admirals and generals, but in the end they broke. A devastating push against each of their planets was launched, one by one they fell, an armageddon befalling them as orbital bombardments sought to rain hell upon any and all signs of life, military and civilian alike. Once their last worlds were conquered, High Executioner Lithiel ordered a new "Call of Reflection," harkening back to Aldan under the Precursor Empire, the efforts of the Ascendancy would now be focused internally, as the situation on the homefront grew evermore pressing.
A new innovation heralded by leading Aelnari scientists threatens to plunge the universe into an era of murder, genocide, and war. The Ascendancy has shattered the limits of biological evolution, and now had obtained the power of genetic modification, and perhaps one day even may reach a supposed "Biological Ascension."
A grim prospect for the future, however that is not to say light has been extinguished in the galaxy. Constant warring and pushes for technological innovation on the homefront have strained the Aelnari Fleets, with their most recent victory against the Noranian Galactic Confederacy showing the effectiveness of hit and run tactics, as well as displaying the sheer stalwart resistance offered by the Norani defenders proving almost too much for the Aelnari forces to handle.
Their pursuit of Genetic Perfection has led to the rise of a small subspecies of "Post Star-Elves," who on their homeworld of Kisak Aerie have self-modified themselves to be more resistant to the tundra of their planet, seek to gain greater political autonomy, and indeed they have modified themselves to be able to breed faster, hit harder, and even expand their own lifespans, something many Star Elves in the empire see both as an existential threat, but also a terrifying opportunity to experiment and observe firsthand their possible future.
Lastly, the economy of the Ascendancy lies fragile following war after war. While the material demands are being met, the rapid deterioration of the Aelnari economy has led to a shockingly fast collapse in credit reserves, and Aelnar seems to be on the brink of "running its coffers dry" within the next 20 years if nothing is done.
The fate of the Ascendancy lies uncertain at this pivotal moment. Forces both internal and external could shatter the supposed unstoppable destiny of the Star Elves, but rapid developments and advances could launch them into a new age of prosperity, spelling the end for the rest of the galaxy.
The Celestial Ascendancy of Aelnar 53 years following it's first steps into space
The Celestial Supremacy of Aelnar now indirectly holds roughly a quarter of the Galaxy, and more and as more and more empires are discovered, and the empire seems to be reaching it's limits, the future remains in the balance. Massive Leviathans remain across numerous systems, mysterious gateways lie waiting to be explored, a "machine empire" lies on their northern border, and more and more anomalies and unforeseen consequences litter the empire, threatening to tear it apart bit by bit.
"The Pale Moon of Aelnar may soon Ascend above the Galaxy, but never forget, it may just as likely fade into nothingness against the vastness of the dark that consumes it."
- Last words of a Norani worker to his child